Table 2.
Characteristics, exacerbation frequency, radiologic measurements by the category of respiratory medications
| SABD | LABD | SABD+LABD | SABD+ICS | LABD+ICS1 | LABA + LAMA + ICS | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | |||||||
| Number | 527 | 92 | 325 | 126 | 797 | 1,056 | |
| Age (years) | 61.2 ± 9.0* | 67.7 ± 7.4 | 65.3 ± 8.4 | 63.8 ± 9.1 | 64.0 ± 8.6 | 64.1 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Male sex (%) | 58.6 | 53.3 | 55.4 | 48.4 | 50.2 | 52.8 | |
| Smoking history (pack-years) | 51.3 ± 28.4 | 55.5 ± 25.0 | 56.6 ± 29.0 | 59.1 ± 40.6 | 52.5 ± 27.7 | 54.1 ± 27.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 6.8 | 29.4 ± 6.0 | 27.1 ± 5.9 | 26.8 ± 6.0 | 28.6 ± 6.6 | 28.0 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| FEV1 after BD use (% of predicted value) | 57.0 ± 20.0 | 57.5 ± 19.4 | 49.0 ± 19.1 | 53.4 ± 23.6 | 50.9 ± 20.0 | 40.7 ± 21.6* | <0.001 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 53.4 ± 12.0 | 51.8 ± 10.8 | 46.7 ± 13.7 | 48.6 ± 13.7 | 49.5 ± 13.0 | 42.6 ± 12.5* | <0.001 |
| BODE index | 2.6 ± 1.9 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 2.0 | 4.1 ± 1.8* | <0.001 |
| Number of medications | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.1* | <0.001 |
| Exacerbations | |||||||
| Exacerbation per patient | 1.49 ± 2.79 | 0.98 ± 2.10 | 1.62 ± 2.65 | 2.35 ± 4.04 | 2.59 ± 4.01 | 3.39 ± 4.63* | <0.001 |
| Severe exacerbation per patient | 0.39 ± 1.00 | 0.16 ± 0.45 | 0.29 ± 0.72 | 0.44 ± 1.04 | 0.59 ± 1.32 | 0.75 ± 1.76* | <0.001 |
| CT measurements | |||||||
| % Emphysema | 8.7 ± 10.2* | 13.2 ± 11.0 | 15.7 ± 12.6 | 12.3 ± 11.7 | 13.0 ± 12.1 | 19.7 ± 14.3* | <0.001 |
| % Gas trapping | 33.0 ± 20.2 | 40.3 ± 16.7 | 43.5 ± 19.1 | 39.4 ± 20.0 | 40.5 ± 20.3 | 48.8 ± 19.6* | <0.001 |
| Subsegmental wall area (%) | 66.0 ± 2.5 | 64.8 ± 2.4 | 65.6 ± 2.4 | 66.2 ± 2.3 | 66.1 ± 2.5 | 65.6 ± 2.2 | 0.002 |
| Pi10 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 0.001 |
For statistical comparisons among multiple groups, Kruskal–Wallis analysis was carried out with Tukey post-hoc tests on rank-transformed data.
BD, bronchodilator; BMI, body mass index; CT, computed tomography; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; LABD, long-acting bronchodilator; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; Pi10, 10 mm luminal perimeter; SABD, short-acting bronchodilator.
*
p < 0.05 versus the other 5 groups.