Table 3. Treatment Effects under Four Different Empirical Estimators.
| Matching + Differences in means | Matching + Cross-sectional regression | No matching + Fixed effects panel regression | Matching + Fixed effects panel regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecuador-PES | |||||
|
Treatment effect
(change in annual parcel-level deforestation rate) |
-0.395***
(0.133) |
-0.396***
(0.130) |
-0.305**
(0.120) |
-0.422***
(0.137) |
|
| N | 112 | 112 | 3,591 | 784 | |
| Russia-Protected Areas | |||||
|
Treatment effect
(change in probability of plot-level forest disturbance over 5 year time periods) |
-0.025***
(0.005) |
-0.026**
(0.010) |
-0.018*
(0.011) |
-0.014 (0.011) |
|
| N | 9,095 | 9,095 | 106,950 | 36,217 | |
*p<0.10;
**p<0.05;
***p<0.01
Standard errors in parentheses.