Figure 2.

The concentration of released sTNF-α in IR-like 3T3-L1 adipocytes, as measured using ELISA.

Notes: PA, palmitic acid (TACE activator); used as a positive control. The samples analyzed were cell supernatants, and three replicate wells were assayed per group. Data are presented as the mean ± SE of three experiments (n=3). ^#P<0.05 vs the IR-like group.

Abbreviations: sTNF-α, soluble tumor necrosis factor-α; IR, insulin resistance; TACE, TNF-α converting enzyme; con, control; 4-HIL, (2S,3R,4S)-4-hydroxyisoleucine; SE, standard error.