Figure 2.

Luteolin inhibits MMP secretion and cell invasiveness of PANC-1 and SW1990 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Notes: Two cell lines were treated with luteolin at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μM for 24 hours. (A) Fold change in mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 in SW1990 cells. (B) Fold change in mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 in PANC-1 cells. (C) Western blotting assay was performed to determine protein levels of MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9; GAPDH was used as an internal control. (D and E) Luteolin inhibited the invasive capacity of PANC-1 and SW1990 cells. The results are presented as the mean ± SD of experiments performed in triplicate. Data represent mean ± SEM, n=3, *P<0.05 vs 0 μM group; ^#P<0.05 vs 20 μM group; ^&P<0.05 vs 40 μM group; ^!P<0.05 vs 80 μM group.

Abbreviations: mRNA, messenger RNA; SEM, standard error of mean; MMPs, metalloproteinases; SD, standard deviation.