FIGURE 1.

Products of bile acids co-metabolism associated with obesity and diabetes via metabolomic studies. After the ingestion of food, conjugated BA are secreted into the intestinal lumen, are subjected to deconjugation by the intestinal bacteria, and converted to secondary BA. The main effect of secondary BA is mediated by the FXR activation, which in turn act increasing insulin secretion and sensitivity in the pancreas. Primary BA is also involved in glucose metabolism by TGR-5 activation and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release. Host endogenous processes are in solid lines, while microbial production and metabolite actions are in dotted lines.