. 2015 Aug 25;27(4):206–219. doi: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215093

Table 4.

Summary of meta-analysis and GRADE assessments of quality of data about different outcome measures of randomized compared trials comparing ECT and antipsychotic medication versus medication alone in the treatment of treatment refractory schizophrenia

outcomes	number of studies (pooled sample)	test for heterogeneity		analytic model	test for overall effect		estimate	95% confidence interval of estimate	GRADE
outcomes	number of studies (pooled sample)	I²	p	analytic model	Z	p	estimate	95% confidence interval of estimate	GRADE
effectiveness	18 (1394)	38%	0.05	fixed	7.51	<0.001	1.31 (RR)	1.22-1.41	moderate
side effect (TESS)	6 (534)	81%	< 0.01	-	-	-	-	-	very low
cognitive function	4 (199)	65%	0.04	random	1.14	0.25	-0.28 (SMD)	-0.77-0.20	very low
overall function	3 (157)	48%	0.14	fixed	7.26	<0.01	10.25 (MD)	7.48-13.01	very low

GRADE, Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation

ECT, electroconvulsive therapy

TESS, Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale[37]

RR, risk ratio

SMD, standardized mean difference

MD, mean difference