Table 5.

Results for six studies that used the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) to assess adverse events in patients with refractory schizophrenia treated with combined electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and antipsychotic medication versus those treated with antipsychotic medication alone

study	ECT + medication group			medication only group		mean difference [95% CI]
	n	mean (sd)		n	mean (sd)
Ding, 2007[13]	30	2.7 (2.4)		30	1.3 (1.2)	1.44 [0.47,2.41]
Cai 2008[10]	50	2.9 (1.6)		50	3.7 (2.0)	-0.76 [-1.47,-0.05]
Jiang 2009[18]	32	7.7 (5.9)		35	6.8 (5.4)	0.95 [-1.78,3.68]
Yang 2011[28]	30	8.2 (6.1)		31	7.9 (5.9)	0.34 [-2.69,3.37]
Zhang 2012[30]	42	5.9 (2.7)		42	6.9 (2.7)	-0.98 [-2.13,0.17]
Jiang 2013[20]	81	3.4 (0.8)		81	4.5 (1.1)	-1.10 [-1.40,-0.80]