TABLE 3.

Subjective ratings for apologizing/non-apologizing opponents in Experiment 2.

	Apologizing opponent (Mean ± SD)	Non-apologizing opponent (Mean ± SD)	t-value (n = 26)	p-value
Unhappy	2.62 ± 1.39	2.73 ± 1.54	–0.36	0.722
Anger	2.12 ± 1.40	2.35 ± 1.29	–0.84	0.407
Forgiveness	5.85 ± 1.35	5.46 ± 1.63	1.10	0.284
Willingness to punish	4.12 ± 0.77	4.65 ± 0.85	–2.67	0.013*
Willingness to be friend	5.19 ± 1.30	4.88 ± 1.56	0.96	0.349
Impression	4.85 ± 1.26	4.65 ± 1.38	0.71	0.486

After receiving the opponents’ messages but before the active phase, the participant rated on a 7-point scale about the degree to which he/she felt on the above dimensions. For the “impression” item, 1 means “very bad,” and 7 means “very good.” For the other items, 1 means “not at all,” and 7 means “extremely strong.” *p < 0.05.