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. 2015 Oct 27;6:1509. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01509

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Copyright © 2015 Hara, Pozeg, Rognini, Higuchi, Fukuhara, Yamamoto, Higuchi, Blanke and Salomon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mean questionnaire ratings and proprioceptive drifts. (A) Mean questionnaire ratings and mean PDs for right hand in Experiment 1. The sense of illusory self-touch was enhanced in synchronous stimulation compared to asynchronous stimulation. Additionally, the participants reported stronger illusion when they actively touched the virtual hand and their own hands with the master-slave system. Neither synchrony nor stimulation type modulated the PD. (B) Mean questionnaire ratings and mean PDs for right hand in Experiment 2. In addition to the sense of illusory self-touch, the participants reported stronger illusory ownership over the virtual left hand with synchronous and active stimulation. Greater PD was found in the passive stimulation conditions. (C) Mean questionnaire ratings, PDs for both left and right hands in Experiment 3, and correlation between the sense of agency and sense of hand ownership for active-synchronous and passive-synchronous conditions. The illusory self-touch was induced in active and passive self-touch, and all the stimulation types allowed the participants to experience the illusory ownership over the virtual left hand. The experience of RHI became stronger in the order of active self-touch, passive self-touch, and classical stimulation. The PDs for right hand did not show any significance, but a greater PD for left hand was observed with synchronous stimulation in active self-touch. In the graphs, Act/Pass/Cls and Sync/Async mean active self-touch/passive self-touch/classical stimulation and synchronous/asynchronous, respectively.