TABLE 2.

Summary of comparison in in vitro and in vivo activities of gintonin or LPA.

	Gintonin	LPA	Reference
In vitro
Receptor	LPA	LPA	Hwang et al. (2012)
G proteins	PTX-sensitive and in-sensitive G proteins	PTX-sensitive and in-sensitive G proteins	Hwang et al. (2012)
Second messenger and effector systems	PLC-IP3-Ca2+ and Ca2+-dependent cellular events	PLC-IP3-Ca2+ and Ca2+-dependent cellular events	Hwang et al. (2012), Nah (2012)
Cellular effects	Proliferation, migration, neurite retraction, and morphological changes	Proliferation, migration, neurite retraction, and morphological changes	Hwang et al. (2012)
Synaptic transmission, gliotransmitter, and neurotransmitter release	Gliotransmitter and neurotransmitter release	Neurotransmitter release	Hwang et al. (2015), Kim et al. (2015a)
In vivo
Nervous systems	Anti-Alzheimer’s disease: attenuation of amyloid plaque formation and restoration of cholinergic system damaged by Aβ	Nervous system development, cognition	Hwang et al. (2012)
Cardiovascular systems	–	Angiogenesis
Reproductive systems	–	Spermatogenesis and Embryo implantation through LPA3 receptor
Hair growth	–	Hair growth through LPA6 receptor
Anti-cancer action	Anti-metastasis though inhibition of autotoxin activity	–	Hwang et al. (2013)