Table 1. Descriptive statistics for risk and protective factors measured at the first survey for seventh and ninth grade students in Victoria and Washington State.

Established risk and protective factors (T1)	No. of scale items	Response options	Combined Sample (N = 3,876)			Victorian Sample (n = 1,942)			Washington State Sample (n = 1,934)

			Mean (SD)		Cronbach's Alpha	Mean (SD)		Cronbach's Alpha	Mean (SD)		Cronbach's Alpha

Individual factors
Emotional control (P)^a	4	1-4 (definitely no to definitely yes)	2.68(.69)		.74	2.62(.69)		.72	2.75(.69)^***		.75
Bullying victimization ^b	1	1-4 (no to yes most days)	1.61(.94)		n/a	1.65(.96)^*		n/a	1.58(.92)		n/a
Antisocial behavior ^c	9	1-8 (never to 40 times or more)	1.11(.30)		.71	1.09(.26)		.69	1.13(.33)^***		.73
Depressive symptoms ^d	13	0-2 (Not true to true)	1.55(.45)		.88	1.55(.44)		.87	1.55(.46)		.89
Impulsivity ^e	3	1-4 (definitely no to definitely yes)	1.95(.58)		.57	1.97(.58)^*		.56	1.92(.58)		.57
Family factors
Family conflict ^f	4	1-4 (definitely no to definitely yes)	2.21(.85)		.79	2.20(.84)		.79	2.21(.86)		.80
Parental overcontrol ^g	2	1-4 (definitely no to definitely yes)	2.27(.92)		.72	2.30(.89)		.71	2.25(.94)		.74
Poor family management ^h	9	1-4 (definitely no to definitely yes)	1.67(.57)		.79	1.72(.56)^**		.78	1.62(.58)		.79

SUBSTANCE USE			n	%		N	%		n	%

Alcohol use	1	Recoded (see text)
No alcohol use			1,577	40.69	n/a	568	29.25	n/a	1,009	52.17^***	n/a
No recent alcohol use			1,116	28.79	n/a	549	28.27	n/a	567	29.32^***	n/a
Recent (past month) alcohol useⁱ			944	24.36	n/a	653	33.63^***	n/a	294	15.05	n/a
Binge drinking^j	1	Recoded (see text)	239	6.17	n/a	172	8.86^***	n/a	67	3.46	n/a
Current cannabis use ^k	1	Recoded (see text)	260	6.71	n/a	79	4.07	n/a	181	9.36^***	n/a
Current tobacco use ^l	1	Recoded (see text)	412	10.63	n/a	275	14.16^***	n/a	137	7.08	n/a

Note. (P) Protective factor (italics). N = sample size, SD = standard deviation.

= p < .05,

^**

= p < .01,

^***

p < .001.

Example item: “I know how to relax when I feel tense”

“Have you been bullied recently (teased or called names, had rumors spread about you, been deliberately left out of things, threatened physically or hurt)?”

Example item: “How many times in the past year (12 months) have you stolen something worth more than $5/10?”

Example item: “I felt miserable or unhappy”

Example item: “It's important to think before you act?”

Example item: “We argue about the same things in my family over and over”

Example item: “My parents try to control everything”

Example item: “Would your parents know if you did not come home on time?”

ⁱ

“In the past 30 days on how many occasions (if any) have you: Had more than just a few sips of an alcoholic beverage (like beer, wine or liquor/spirits)?”

Think back over the last 2 weeks. How many times have you had five or more drinks in a row?

“Have you used marijuana (pot, weed, grass)” in the past 30 days?

“How frequently have you smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days?”