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. 2015 Oct 27;6:307. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00307

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Copyright © 2015 Luder.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic appearance of root dilaceration. (A) A lateral cephalogram shows the position of the incisal edge of a permanent maxillary central incisor (arrow) approximately 3 years after an intrusive trauma to the primary predecessor at the age of about 4.5 years. (B) A mesial macroscopic view of the reassembled permanent incisor reveals a sharp bend of the tooth axis in the cervical region and a curved hook-shaped root. (C,D) Corresponding overview (C) and detail (D) backscattered electron micrographs from a labio-lingual ground section depict normal enamel (e) and dentin (d), a tongue of cellular dentin (cd) which probably resulted from a local disorganization of the enamel organ, and normal acellular cementum (ac). Original magnifications (B) 4x, (C) 45x, (D) 350x.