TABLE 1.
Baseline Demographic Characteristics, Symptoms, and Comorbid Diagnoses
| Characteristic | 7–11 Years of Age | 12–17 Years of Age | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium (n = 32) | Placebo (n = 17) | Lithium (n = 21) | Placebo (n = 11) | Lithium (n = 53) | Placebo (n = 28) | |
| Age at baseline, y | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 9.5 ± 1.6 | 9.1 ± 1.3 | 14.6 ± 1.5 | 14.5 ± 1.6 | 11.5 ± 2.9 | 11.2 ± 3.0 |
| Median (Min–Max) | 9.8 (7.3–11.9) | 9.0 (7.0–11.6) | 14.1 (12.3–17.3) | 14.3 (12.5–16.7) | 11.3 (7.3–17.3) | 10.6 (7.0–16.7) |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 14 (43.8) | 10 (58.8) | 8 (38.1) | 5 (45.5) | 22 (41.5) | 15 (53.6) |
| Female | 18 (56.3) | 7 (41.2) | 13 (61.9) | 6 (54.5) | 31 (58.5) | 13 (46.4) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 6 (18.8) | 1 (5.9) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (18.2) | 9 (17.0) | 3 (10.7) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 26 (81.3) | 16 (94.1) | 17 (81.0) | 8 (72.7) | 43 (81.1) | 24 (85.7) |
| Not reported | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (3.6) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 18 (56.3) | 10 (58.8) | 12 (57.1) | 4 (36.4) | 30 (56.6) | 14 (50.0) |
| African American | 10 (31.3) | 6 (35.3) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (45.5) | 15 (28.3) | 11 (39.3) |
| Asian | 0 | 0 | 2 (9.5%) | 0 | 2 (3.8) | 0 |
| >1 race | 3 (9.4) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (9.1) | 4 (7.5) | 2 (7.1) |
| Not reported | 1 (3.1) | 0 | 1 (4.8) | 1 (9.1) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (3.6) |
| Most recent episode, n (%) | ||||||
| Manic | 15 (46.9) | 10 (58.8) | 8 (38.1) | 8 (72.7) | 23 (43.4) | 18 (64.3) |
| Mixed | 17 (53.1) | 7 (41.2) | 13 (61.9) | 3 (27.3) | 30 (56.6) | 10 (35.7) |
| YMRS total score | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 28.9 ± 4.6 | 31.4 ± 6.3 | 30.5 ± 6.9 | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 29.5 ± 5.6 | 30.0 ± 6.0 |
| CDRS-R total score | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 34.2 ± 8.8 | 40.5 ± 11.3 | 38.2 ± 11.7 | 34.6 ± 7.3 | 35.8 ± 10.1 | 38.2 ± 10.2 |
| CGI-S score (overall illness), n (%) | ||||||
| 4, moderately ill | 17 (53.1) | 4 (23.5) | 10 (47.6) | 8 (72.7) | 27 (50.9) | 12 (42.9) |
| 5, markedly ill | 13 (40.6) | 12 (70.6) | 9 (42.9) | 3 (27.3) | 22 (41.5) | 15 (53.6) |
| 6, severely ill | 2 (6.3) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0 | 4 (7.5) | 1 (3.6) |
| CGAS score | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 51.2 ± 6.2 | 50.4 ± 7.2 | 47.7 ± 6.9 | 49.6 ± 4.3 | 49.8 ± 6.7 | 50.1 ± 6.1 |
| Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale–Lifetime Ratings, n (%) | ||||||
| Suicidal ideation | ||||||
| Thoughts of their death | 16 (50.0) | 8 (47.1) | 12 (57.1) | 6 (54.6) | 28 (52.8) | 14 (50.0) |
| Nonspecific suicidal thoughts | 4 (12.5) | 3 (17.7) | 6 (28.6) | 1 (9.1) | 10 (18.9) | 4 (14.3) |
| Active thoughts of methods but no clear plan | 1 (3.1) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0 | 3 (5.7) | 1 (3.6) |
| Active ideation with plan | 1 (3.1) | 3 (17.7) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (18.2) | 4 (7.6) | 5 (17.9) |
| History of suicide attempts | 0 | 1 (5.9) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (9.1) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (7.1) |
| History of interrupted attempts | 0 | 1 (5.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0 | 2 (3.8) | 1 (3.6) |
| History of aborted attempts | 0 | 1 (5.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.6) |
| Comorbid diagnoses, n (%) | ||||||
| ADHD | 22 (68.8) | 11 (64.7) | 12 (57.1) | 7 (63.6) | 34 (64.2) | 18 (64.3) |
| Disruptive behavior | 7 (21.9) | 3 (17.7) | 4 (19.1) | 3 (27.3) | 11 (20.8) | 6 (21.4) |
| Enuresis | 1 (3.1) | 2 (11.8) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.9) | 2 (7.1) |
| Anxiety disorder | 8 (25.0) | 5 (29.4) | 6 (28.6) | 0 | 14 (26.4) | 5 (17.9) |
| Othera | 0 | 2 (11.8) | 1 (4.8) | 0 | 1 (1.9) | 2 (7.1) |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Min–Max, minimum–maximum.
a
Other includes 1 each of marijuana abuse, motor tic disorder, and trichotillomania.