Radiological measurement of visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and linear perinephric fat thickness (PNF). Measurement of VFA (A, C) and SFA (B, D) by CT analysis software for 2 representative patients (A, B, and C, D). Visceral fat to subcutaneous fat ratio (V/S) differences observed for patient with (A) high VFA vs (D) high SFA. Patient in (A) and (B) is viscerally obese, with a V/S of 1.55 but a body mass index (BMI) of 27. Patient in (C) and (D) is obese when defined by BMI (BMI = 37), but is not viscerally obese (V/S = 0.23). (E) PNF measurement taken at level of the left renal vein.