Table 2.
Bivariate and multivariate associations (odds ratios) between DSM-IV mental disorders and the subsequent onset of stroke.
| Type of disorders | Bivariate models1 |
Multivariate type model2 |
Multivariate number model3 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% C.I.) | OR | (95% C.I.) | OR | (95% C.I.) | |
| I. Mood disorders | ||||||
| Major depressive episode/dysthymia | 1.6* | (1.3–2.1) | 1.3* | (1.0–1.7) | – | – |
| Bipolar disorder (broad) | 1.9* | (1.2–3.3) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.0) | – | – |
| II. Anxiety disorders | ||||||
| Panic disorder | 1.9* | (1.2–3.1) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.3) | – | – |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.4 | (0.9–2.0) | 0.8 | (0.6–1.3) | – | – |
| Social phobia | 1.9* | (1.4–2.7) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.0) | – | – |
| Specific phobia | 1.7* | (1.3–2.2) | 1.3 | (1.0–1.7) | – | – |
| Agoraphobia without panic | 2.1 | (1.0–4.3) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.8) | – | – |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 2.0* | (1.3–2.9) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | – | – |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 1.3 | (0.5–3.8) | 0.7 | (0.2–2.3) | – | – |
| III. Impulse-control disorders | ||||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 2.1* | (1.2–3.7) | 1.4 | (0.8–2.6) | – | – |
| Binge eating disorder | 1.6 | (0.7–3.6) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.3) | – | – |
| Bulimia nervosa | 3.8* | (1.6–9.1) | 2.2 | (0.9–5.5) | – | – |
| IV. Substance disorders | ||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 2.0* | (1.5–2.7) | 1.5* | (1.0–2.2) | – | – |
| Alcohol dependence with abuse | 2.4* | (1.5–3.8) | 1.2 | (0.7–2.0) | – | – |
| Drug abuse | 2.6* | (1.6–4.2) | 1.5 | (0.9–2.6) | – | – |
| Drug dependence with abuse | 2.4* | (1.1–5.1) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.5) | – | – |
| Joint effect of all types of disorders, χ216 | * 65.0 | |||||
| Difference between types of disorders, χ215 | 13.9 | |||||
| V. Number of disorders | ||||||
| Exactly 1 disorder | – | – | – | – | 1.3* | (1.0–1.6) |
| Exactly 2 disorders | – | – | – | – | 1.9* | (1.4–2.4) |
| Exactly 3 disorders | – | – | – | – | 2.2* | (1.3–3.8) |
| Exactly 4 disorders | – | – | – | – | 3.0* | (1.9–4.8) |
| 5+ disorders | – | – | – | – | 3.3* | (2.0–5.3) |
| Joint effect of number of disorders, χ25 | 49.2* | |||||
Significant at the 0.05 level, two-tailed test.
Bivariate models: each mental disorder type was estimated as a predictor of the physical condition onset in a separate discrete time survival model controlling for age cohorts, gender, person-year and country.
Multivariate type model: the model was estimated with dummy variables for all mental disorders entered simultaneously, including the controls specified above and additionally adjusted for smoking (ever/never/current) and education (number of years).
Multivariate number model: the model was estimated with dummy predictors for number of mental disorders without any information about type of mental disorders, including the controls specified above.