. 2014 Oct 31;9(11):e973816. doi: 10.4161/15592324.2014.973816

Table 1.

Mean relative abundances (n = 3; ± SD) of VOCs emitted by A. thaliana subjected to different temperature regimes (17, 22, and 27°C) or to temperature regimes combined with P. xylostella larval infestation (9 larvae per plant) over 2 time intervals (0–4 and 4–8 h)

				Uninfested						Infested by 9 Plutella xylostella larvae per plant
				VOC proportion (%)^(IV)
				0–4 h			4–8 h			0–4 h			4–8 h
Compound	RIcal^(I)	RIref^(II)	Identification^(III)	17°C	22°C	27°C	17°C	22°C	27°C	17°C	22°C	27°C	17°C	22°C	27°C
Terpenes
Limonene	1026	1029	MS, KI⁷⁴	3.21 ± 2.18^ab	4.64 ± 0.55^ab	0.25 ± 0.23^b	4.98 ± 2.31^ab	8.16 ± 2.71^a	0.15 ± 0.11^b	2.74 ± 1.02^ab	3.22 ± 2.72^ab	0.39 ± 0.29^b	1.97 ± 0.58^b	3.96 ± 3.85^ab	1.06 ± 0.39^b
Menthol	1172	1171	MS, KI⁷⁵	7.51 ± 2.74^d	43.56 ± 1.35^a	6.92 ± 1.52^d	5.85 ± 0.56^d	47.62 ± 0.86^a	4.46 ± 0.50^d	7.57 ± 1.25^d	28.61 ± 1.94^b	7.47 ± 1.49^d	7.75 ± 2.45^d	17.73 ± 3.^14c	6.52 ± 1.42^d
(E,E)-α-farnesene	1537	1506	MS, KI⁵⁵	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	trace	nd	nd	2.03 ± 0.76^a
Total terpenes				10.74 ± 0.92^d	48.20 ± 1.68^ab	7.17 ± 1.41^d	10.83 ± 2.55^d	55.78 ± 3.57^a	4.61 ± 0.60^e	10.31 ± 1.60^d	31.84 ± 4.27^bc	7.86 ± 1.56^d	9.72 ± 2.06^d	21.69 ± 1.27^c	9.61 ± 1.01^d
Sulfides
Dimethyl disulfide	646	-	MS ²²	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	3.46 ± 0.75^c	7.74 ± 1.26^b	trace	2.32 ± 0.69^d	54.71 ± 5.52^a	5.85 ± 0.65^b
Dimethyl trisulfide	964	964	MS, KI⁵⁵	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	4.41 ± 1.34^a	2.77 ± 1.47^abc	1.24 ± 0.21^c	2.99 ± 0.54^ab	2.22 ± 0.61^abc	1.54 ± 0.54^bc
Total sulfides										7.87 ± 0.63^c	10.51 ± 0.25^b	1.24 ± 0.21^e	5.31 ± 1.19^d	56.93 ± 5.34^a	7.39 ± 0.39^c
Nitrile
4-(methylthio) butanenitrile	1116	-	MS ⁷⁶	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	3.99 ± 0.16^a	nd	trace	3.31 ± 0.39^b	trace
Ketones
Heptan-2-one	897	892	MS, STD, KI⁷⁴	nd	nd	14.21 ± 8.52^a	nd	nd	23.80 ± 9.42^a	nd	trace	3.75 ± 1.43^b	1.46 ± 0.59^c	3.04 ± 1.79^b	11.33 ± 3.23^a
Cyclohexanone	917	895	MS, STD, KI⁷⁷	nd	1.35 ± 0.08^b	nd	nd	2.28 ± 0.58^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
6-Methyl hept-5-en-2-one	986	986	MS, STD, KI⁵⁵	15.79 ± 6.17^a	1.45 ± 0.33^c	10.90 ± 4.98^ab	7.17 ± 1.45^bc	1.10 ± 0.25^c	4.70 ± 1.78^bc	8.20 ± 2.37^bc	3.52 ± 0.50^bc	8.41 ± 0.36^abc	5.47 ± 1.16^bc	1.13 ± 0.27^c	2.37 ± 0.96^c
Octan-2-one	991	991	MS, STD, KI⁷⁴	nd	nd	1.58 ± 0.86^a	nd	nd	1.71 ± 0.62^a	nd	nd	1.79 ± 1.49^a	nd	nd	2..22 ± 1.35^a
Nonan-2-one	1108	1090	MS, STD, KI⁷⁴	1.13 ± 0.35^f	nd	7.74 ± 0.96^c	5.57 ± 0.66^cd	nd	34.63 ± 3.85^a	trace	2.81 ± 0.22^e	4.66 ± 1.19^d	7.78 ± 0.89^c	1.39 ± 0.59^f	14.32 ± 1.26^b
Geranyl acetone	1154	1154	MS, STD, KI²⁸	15.95 ± 6.25^abc	17.61 ± 2.24^ab	12.35 ± 6.10^bcd	23.95 ± 7.32^a	10.23 ± 1.96^bcd	5.54 ± 1.99^cd	17.70 ± 3.55^ab	7.14 ± 1.99^bcd	6.82 ± 1.16^bcd	8.96 ± 1.93^bcd	2.85 ± 1.19^d	3.20 ± 1.22^d
Total ketones				32.87 ± 2.65^cde	20.41 ± 1.98^fg	46.78 ± 1.88^b	36.69 ± 6.44^c	13.61 ± 2.70^gh	70.39 ± 2.92^a	25.90 ± 3.77^def	13.47 ± 2.32^gh	25.41 ± 1.98^def	23.67 ± 3.91^ef	8.42 ± 2.25^h	33.45 ± 1.74^cd
Alcohols
Pent-1-en-3-ol	607	673	MS, STD, KI⁵⁵	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	3.74 ± 2.56^a	trace	1.21 ± 0.61^b	4.22 ± 1.80^a	trace	2.76 ± 0.97^ab
2-Ethylhexan-1-ol	1029	1033	MS, STD, KI⁵⁵	39.71 ± 2.71^ab	23.25 ± 1.69^cd	32.12 ± 5.18^bc	43.80 ± 3.72^ab	22.52 ± 4.35^cd	19.05 ± 2.54^d	25.85 ± 5.69^cd	26.55 ± 3.81^cd	50.64 ± 6.26^a	28.83 ± 4.11^bcd	4.44 ± 0.39^e	28.29 ± 2.07^bcd
Total alcohols				39.71 ± 2.71^bc	23.25 ± 1.69^de	32.12 ± 5.18^cd	43.80 ± 3.72^ab	22.52 ± 4.35^de	19.05 ± 2.54^e	29.59 ± 5.69^cde	26.55 ± 3.81^de	51.84 ± 5.86^a	33.05 ± 3.49^bcd	4.44 ± 0.39^f	31.06 ± 1.19^cd
Aldehydes
2-Ethylhexanal	952	954	MS, STD, KI⁷⁸	16.68 ± 2.32^a	1.57 ± 0.64^f	10.20 ± 1.59^bc	8.68 ± 0.50^bc	1.44 ± 0.69^f	2.54 ± 0.88^ef	10.21 ± 0.66^bc	8.84 ± 2.41^bc	6.35 ± 1.04^cde	11.13 ± 1.04^b	2.85 ± 1.58^def	6.50 ± 0.73^cd
Benzaldehyde	958	960	MS, STD, KI⁷⁹	nd	6.57 ± 1.51^a	3.73 ± 2.25^a	nd	6.65 ± 1.16^a	3.41 ± 0.32^a	3.26 ± 0.81^a	4.81 ± 2.95^a	4.92 ± 2.25^a	3.21 ± 0.74^a	2.36 ± 1.39^a	3.53 ± 1.06^a
Total aldehydes				16.68 ± 2.32^a	8.14 ± 2.13^de	13.93 ± 2.91^ab	8.68 ± 0.50^cde	8.09 ± 0.48^de	5.95 ± 0.57^e	13.47 ± 0.90^abc	13.65 ± 0.83^abc	11.27 ± 2.30^bcd	14.34 ± 1.69^ab	5.21 ± 2.39^e	10.02 ± 1.33^bcde
Isothiocyanates (ITCs)
4-Methylpentyl ITC	1177	1148	MS, KI⁵⁵	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	5.12 ± 1.26^a	nd	0.61 ± 0.37^c	5.01 ± 0.43^a	nd	3.28 ± 0.17^b
Heptyl ITC	1281	1253	MS, KI⁵⁵	nd	nd	nd		nd	nd	2.95 ± 0.57^a	nd	1.21 ± 0.58^bc	0.77 ± 0.15^c	nd	1.83 ± 0.88^ab
Total ITCs										8.07 ± 1.78^a		1.82 ± 0.62^c	5.78 ± 0.47^ab		5.11 ± 1.05^b
Ester
Methyl salicylate	1193	1192	MS, STD, KI⁵⁵	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	4.79 ± 0.23^b	trace	0.54 ± 0.10^d	8.14 ± 0.46^a	trace	3.36 ± 0.61^c

nd = not detected; trace (< 0.05%); *: over estimated value

^(I)

Linear Retention index calculated for Restek Rtx-502.2 column (5%phenyl/95%methylpolysiloxane, USA) (32 m × 0.25 μm × 0.25 mm i.d.) with a homologous series of n-alkanes (C7–C30).

^(II)

Linear Retention index in literature.

^(III)

Identification proposal is indicated as followings: MS, identification by comparing EI mass spectrum with the Wiley and NIST MS 2.0 mass spectral databases; RI, identification by Retention indexes with the literature data; STD, comparison with the retention times and mass spectra of available authentic compounds.

^(IV)

For each individual VOC or each chemical family, mean values sharing the same letter in the same row do not statistically differ (P > 0.05, 3-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey's HSD test).