Table 1.

Goal attainment scaling formula and sample of goal setting

$T=50+\frac{10\mathrm{\Sigma }{w}_i{x}_i}{\sqrt{(1-\rho )\mathrm{\Sigma }{w}_j^2+\rho {\left(\mathrm{\Sigma }{w}_i\right)}^2}}$
Where xi represents the attainment score for each goal (a value from −2 to +2), and wi represents the weight assigned to a particular goal. As goals in this study were unweighted, wi =1. ρ-value reflects the expected correlation of attainment scores, which is assumed to be 0.30. In practice, the GAS T-score can be directly obtained from a summary score conversion table,a doing away with the need for manual calculations
Domain	Current	Goal	8-week review
Cognition (reality orientation with cues, eg, clocks, calendar)
Self-initiated reality orientation >1 time daily (+2)
Self-initiated reality orientation 1 time daily (+1)
Caregiver-initiated reality orientation >1 time daily (0)		✓	✓
Caregiver-initiated reality orientation 1 time daily (−1)
Not oriented, no reality orientation (−2)	✓
Carer stress
No carer stress (+2)
Very occasional, <1 time a month (+1)			✓
Minimal stress (0)		✓
Moderate stress (−1)	✓
Extreme stress, not coping (−2)
Engagement in leisure activities (watercolor painting and Chinese calligraphy)
Leisure activities for 30 minutes daily (+2)
Leisure activities for 30 minutes >3 times a week (+1)			✓
Leisure activities for 15 minutes >3 times a week (0)		✓
Leisure activities for 15 minutes <3 times a week (−1)	✓
No initiation of activities (−2)
Sleep
Sleep 6–8 hours a night (+2)
Sleep 4–5 hours a night (+1)
Sleep 2–3 hours a night (0)		✓
Sleep less than 2 hours a night (−1)	✓		✓
No sleep (−2)

Note:

^aData from Kiresuk et al.⁹

Abbreviation: GAS, goal attainment scaling.