Table 1.

Summary of changes in astrocyte-relevant metabolites seen with ¹H-MRS in vivo.

	Aging	TBI	Aging References	TBI References
mIns	↑	↓ (early), ↑ (later)	Chang et al. (1996), Reyngoudt et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2013) and Harris et al. (2014)	Schuhmann et al. (2003), Ashwal et al. (2004a,b), Xu et al. (2011), Harris et al. (2012) and Kierans et al. (2014)
GSH	↓	↓	Emir et al. (2011)	Harris et al. (2012)
Gln	↑	↑	Kaiser et al. (2005), Duarte et al. (2014) and Harris et al. (2014)	Xu et al. (2011) and Harris et al. (2012)
Glu	↓	↓	Kaiser et al. (2005), Duarte et al. (2014) and Harris et al. (2014)	Schuhmann et al. (2003), Xu et al. (2011) and Harris et al. (2012)
Lac	~	↑	Urrila et al. (2004), Paban et al. (2010) and Harris et al. (2014)	Ross et al. (1998), Ashwal et al. (2000), Schuhmann et al. (2003), Lescot et al. (2010) and Harris et al. (2012)

Symbols and abbreviations: ↑ = increase, ↓ = decrease, ~ = no change or mixed results, mIns = myo-inositol, GSH = glutathione, Gln = glutamine, Glu = glutamate, Lac = lactate.