Figure 6.

Impact of pre-TMS alpha visual attention modulation on TMS-locked alpha power modulation. A, Participant's ability to modulate spontaneous alpha at the stimulation site during pre-TMS intervals by top-down visual attention predicts the strength of attentional TMS-locked alpha power modulation at the stimulation site (i.e., white channels in B). The differential modulation of TMS-locked alpha power by TMS and Sham (i.e., TMS_Low-High − Sham_Low-High) is predicted by AMI at pre-TMS baseline. B, Topographical plot depicts all correlation coefficients between pre-TMS alpha power modulation at a given channel and the attentional modulation of TMS-locked alpha power (i.e., TMS_Low-High − Sham_Low-High) at the same channel. The better spontaneous alpha power could be modulated by top-down attention in the left (stimulated) visual cortex; the stronger also TMS-locked alpha power was modulated in that region by attention. Channels indicated by an asterisk showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05, corrected for False Discovery Rate) (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995). Channels indicated by a white asterisk, or white dot with black outline, represent the channels used in the analyses throughout the study. C, Visual attention modulated TMS-locked alpha power for TMS but not for Sham. Asterisks indicate significant (p < 0.05) post hoc comparisons following significant interaction of the stimulation × visual attention ANCOVA using attentional AMI before TMS as covariate. D, Participant's ability to modulate spontaneous alpha at the stimulation site during pre-TMS intervals by top-down attention predicts the strength of the attentional modulation of the N40 TEP component. Because of the negative sign of the N40 component, positive here means a stronger negative deflection for High visual attention than for Low visual attention.