Table 2.
Disease course comparisons between human smallpox infection and surrogate models.
| Disease stages (day of onset) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incubation | Prodrome | Rash | Resolution | |
| Smallpox human exposure dose and strain varies “Respiratory Droplet” [59–61] |
Day 0–9 (range 0–16) |
Day 10–12 (range 7–17) |
Day 12–15 (range 9–20) |
Day 26–28 (range 24–37) |
| Asymptomatic | Fever, headache, chills, backache, vomiting |
Maculopapularto papular within 1–2 days, vesicular by day 4–5 and pustular by day 7 and scabbed by day 14 |
Death (~30%) or survival and desquamation |
|
| Smallpox macaque 108 pfu harper particle size <1µm aerosol [62,63] |
Day 0–5 | Day 5–7 | Day 7–8 (range 6–11) | Day 10–11 |
| Asymptomatic | Malaise, fever, primary bronchopneumonia |
Centrifugal distribution papular to vesicular to pustule (within 5 days) |
Death (~1%) or survival and desquamation |
|
| Monkeypox macaque 104–105 pfu zaire 79 particle size = 1.2 µm aerosol [64] |
Day 0–6 | Absent | Day 6–8 | Day 11 |
| Asymptomatic | Primary bronchopneumonia, papular to vesicular to scabbed (within 3–4 days), hemorrhagic lesions |
Death (100%) | ||
| Monkeypox macaque 3.4 × 106 pfu zaire 79 particle size = 8 µm intratracheal aerosol[65] |
Day 0–3 | Day 3–8 | Day 8–10 | Day 12–18 |
| Asymptomatic | Fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, weight loss |
Primary bronchopneumonia papular to vesicular to pustular to scabbed (within 4–6 days), hemorrhagic lesions |
Death (~30%) or survival and desquamation |
|
| Ectromelia mice(C57BL/6) 800 pfu Moscow intranasal [66–69] |
Day 0–5 | Absent | Day 5–7 | Day 9–11 |
| Asymptomatic | Death (~80%) | |||
| Monkeypox Mice(CAST/EiJ) 103 pfu MPXV-Z79-CB2 intranasal [70,71] |
Day 0–6 | Absent | Day 6–8 | Day 8–10 |
| Asymptomatic | No rash, weight loss, ruffling, hunching, lethargy |
Death (~60%) or survival |
||
| Monkeypox ground squirrel 500–5000 pfu MPXV-Z79-CB2 intranasal [70,72,73] |
Day 0–6 | Absent | Day 6 | Day 6–9 |
| Asymptomatic | Lethargy, anorexia, frequent nosebleeds, and terminal respiratory distress |
Death (100%) | ||
| Monkeypox prairie dog 103–104 pfu MPXV-ROC-268 intranasal [74–79] |
Day 0–5 | Day 5–7 | Day 9–11 | Day 12–17 |
| Asymptomatic | Weight loss, inappetence |
Maculopapularto papular within 1–2 days, vesicular by day 3–4 and pustular by day 4–7 and scabbed by day 9–11 |
Death (~30–50%)or survival and desquamation |
|