Table 2.

Differentially hydroxymethylated (5hmC) regions (DhMRs) for representative genes for male-specific, female-specific and conserved regions in umbilical cord blood DNA with blood lead levels (BLL) ≥ 5 μg/dl. These clusters can be used as potential early 5hmC biomarkers of Pb exposure

Group	Gene	CpG island	around TSS	Imprinted gene	Effect size	Standard error	P-value	FDR	Number of sites per cluster
Conserved	GSTM1	chr1:110230238-110230614	yes	no	−0.139	0.035	6.1E-05	0.000777	5
Conserved	GSTM5	Non-CpG	yes	no	−0.212	0.033	9.82E-11	3.8E-08	8
Conserved	H19	chr11:2019565-2019863	yes	maternally expressed	−0.106	0.025	1.59E-05	0.000307	5
Conserved	DNAH6	chr2:84743463-84743685	yes	no	0.044	0.008	4.57E-08	4.82E-06	6
Male-specific	GOLPH3	chr5:32173598-32174837	yes (promoter)	no	0.038	0.013	0.002885	0.018132	7
Male-specific	SGCA/PEG10	chr7:94284858-94286527	yes (promoter)	paternally expressed	−0.113	0.032	0.000364	0.005345	9
Female-specific	MEST	chr7:130130739-130133111	yes	paternally expressed	−0.112	0.031	0.000291	0.002521	7
Female-specific	DDAH2	chr6:31695894-31698245	yes (promoter)	no	0.034	0.011	0.001535	0.008076	5