Fig. 2.

DSF induces callose deposition. (A) Infiltration of 100 μM synthetic DSF (cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid) induces callose deposition in N. benthamiana, Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0), and rice (Oryzae sativa). Callose deposition was visualized 18h post-infiltration by staining the leaves with aniline blue and examination using an epifluorescence microscope. White dots in these pictures are indicative of callose deposition. (B) DSF induced callose deposition in N. benthamiana leaves in a dose-dependent manner. Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were infiltrated with (left to right) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 80, and 100 μM DSF, and control (0 μM; 1% methanol in water), and visualized for callose deposition 18h post-infiltration. Scale bars=500 μm. (C) Average number of callose deposits per 0.5mm². Error bars represent SD values from four leaves of each plant in three independent experiments. Six microscopic fields from each leaf were analysed. *P<0.01, significant differences between the responses to the DSF treatment compared with the control (indicated by 0 μM) as assessed by Student’s t-test.