Fig. 8.

A plausible model, although requiring further validation, illustrates that overexpressing OsPIN2 affects Al internalization by enhancing vesicular trafficking in the rice root apex. It is possible that overexpression of OsPIN2 can enhance the frequency of vesicle trafficking, which contributes to the endocytosis and exocytosis of pectin and XyG. Subsequently, increased amounts of aluminium, which bind with pectin and XyG, are internalized via the endocytic trafficking of pectin and XyG. Furthermore, these endosomes tend to merge together and form the pre-vacuolar compartment (PVC). GA, Golgi apparatus. (This figure is available in colour at JXB online.)