Fig. 3.

Effects of DMC on the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and HMGB1 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Levels of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), and HMGB1 (D) were determined by ELISA. Treatment with Glycyrrhizin (GL, 100 μM) acted as positive control group. Each value represents the mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. ^#p<0.001 as compared with control group. ^*p<0.05, ^**p<0.01 and ^***p<0.001 as compared with LPS-induced group only. ^##p<0.001 as the maximum value compared with control group. ^*#p<0.001 as the maximum value compared with the value at 24 h.