Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| AUTHOR (YEAR) | POPULATION (N1, NX) | ECHO TYPE | NOXIOUS STIMULI (TIME (SEC)) | STIMULATED DERMATOME | PAIN RATING | FOCUS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brooks (2008) | Norm (8, 10) | Gradient | Therm: 46.2°C; 46.1°C (30) | C8 | 5–6/10 | Methodology |
| Brooks (2012) | Norm (18) | Gradient | Therm: 52.3°C; 51.3°C (3) | C8 | 3.6/10 | Methodology |
| Cahill (2011) | Norm (8) | Spin | Therm: 42°C; 46°C (52) | ~C7a | 5.0/10 | Pain |
| Dobek (2014) | Norm (12) | Spin | Therm: 49.1°C, 10 pulses, 33 Hz (30) | C6 | 53/100; 57/100 | Cognition |
| Eippert (2009) | Norm (15) | Gradient | Therm: 46.9°C (20) | C6 | 60/100 | Cognition |
| Geuter (2013) | Norm (23) | Gradient | Therm: 46.3°C (20) | C5/C6 | 60/100 | Cognition |
| Ghazni (2010) | Norm (8) | Spin | Mech: 15 grams (56) | C5/C6 | 2.125/10 | Pain |
| Lawrence (2011) | Children (11) | Spin | Therm: 17°C; 27°C (43) | C6/C7 | Pain | |
| Nash (2013) | Norm (10) | Gradient | Therm: 47.5°C (30) | C6/C7; C4/C5 | 7/10 | Methodology |
| Rempe (2014) | Norm (16) | Spin | Mech: 166 mNb (40) | C6 | 3.4/10 | Pain |
| Rempe (2015) | Norm (16) | Spin | Therm: 36.8°Cb (34) | C6 | 4.5/10 | Pain |
| Sprenger (2012) | Norm (20, 15) | Gradient | Therm: 47.3°C (22.5) | C6 | 60/100 | Cognition |
| Sprenger (2015) | Norm (20) | Gradient | Therm: 46°C; 47°C (15) | C6 | 56.7/100 | Methodology |
| Stroman (2002) | SCI (6) Norm (15) | Spin | Therm: 10°C, 15°C, 2°C (33) | L4 | SCI | |
| Stroman (2004) | SCI (27) Norm (15) | Spin | Therm: 10°C (33) | L4 | SCI | |
| Stroman (2011) | Norm (11, 5, 9) | Spin | Therm: 18°C; 15°C (45) | ~C7a | 2.1/4; 2.3/4 | Cognition |
| Summers (2010) | Norm (11) | Gradient | Therm (Laser): 1.34 μm, 4 ms pulse, 0.45 Hz (20) | C6/C7 | 3–4/10 | Methodology |
| Xie (2007) | Norm (6) | Spin | Electr: 0.2 ms constant current, 20 Hz (35) | C6/C7a | Pain | |
| Xie (2012) | Norm (14) | Gradient | Electr: 1 ms pulse, 5 Hz (60) | C6a | 50–70/100 | Methodology |
Notes: Pain ratings were either averaged across participants, or the stimuli were individually adjusted to maintain a pain rating within a specified range. The values for the number of participants are separated by a comma if more than one protocol was used.
a
Dermatomes determined by hand from anatomical regions.
b
Sensitization via capsaicin.
Abbreviations: Norm, normal, healthy participants; Therm, thermal stimulation; Mech, mechanical stimulation; Electr, electrical stimulation; SCI, spinal cord injury.