Table 2.
Pathway | Human translational studies | Reference |
---|---|---|
Epithelial cell injury | Higher blood and BAL levels of RAGE were associated with PGD | (20-22) |
Preexisting or de novo antibodies against type V collagen were associated with lower P/F ratio and PGD |
(23, 24) | |
Elevated levels of CC16 were associated with higher odds of PGD | (25) | |
Higher donor levels of HMGB1 correlated with lower P/F before and after transplantation. |
(26) | |
Endothelial dysfunction | Grade 3 PGD was associated with higher VEGF levels than lower grades of PGD |
(27, 28) |
Increased pretransplant endothelin-1 levels were associated with PGD |
(29) | |
Angiopoietin-2 levels were elevated in PGD | (30) | |
Chemotaxis and cytokines | Higher plasma levels of MCP-1, IP-10, and IL-2R were associated with PGD |
(31) |
Elevated serum IL-8 levels were associated with PGD | (32, 33) | |
Higher blood and BAL levels of IL-6 were associated with grade 3 PGD |
(34) | |
Innate immunity | Upregulation in the expression of genes involved in inflammasome and TLR pathways were found in BAL of patients with grade 3 PGD |
(35) |
TLR4 mutations associated with innate immune hyporesponsiveness were associated with a lower PGD risk |
(36) | |
Higher plasma PTX3 levels were seen in those with grade 3 PGD | (37) | |
Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with higher levels of PTX3 were associated with grade 3 PGD |
(38) | |
Innate lymphoid cells were isolated from BAL of lung transplant recipients |
(39) |
Adapted from Reference(19)
BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CC16, plasma clara cell secretory protein; ET-1, endothelin-1; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1; IP-10, interferon-inducible protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; P/F, PaO2/FiO2; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PGD, primary graft dysfunction; PTX3, long pentraxin-3; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; TLR, toll-like receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor