Table 1. Comparison of ward characteristics by study group before and after matching.
Source of external dataset: Socioeconomic survey of Hubli-Dharwad city [18].
| Full Set of Intermittent Supply Wards (N = 59) | Matched Set of Intermittent Supply Wards (N = 8) | Continuous Supply Wards (N = 8) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/% | Standardized Difference a | Mean/% | Standardized Difference a | Mean/% | |
| Demographics and socioeconomics | |||||
| Mean number of persons per household | 5.1 | −68 | 5.0 | −30 | 4.8 |
| Mean number of children aged <5 y per household | 1.4 | −115 | 1.4 | −85 | 1.3 |
| % of illiterate females | 17.7 | −13 | 16.4 | 15 | 17.1 |
| % of individuals working as agricultural laborer | 12.0 | 6 | 12.3 | 2 | 12.4 |
| % of non-Hindu households | 26.0 | −83 | 22.2 | −40 | 18.7 |
| % of scheduled caste or tribe households | 14.6 | −94 | 10.4 | 4 | 10.5 |
| % of slum households (self-report) | 22.8 | 10 | 23.7 | 6 | 25.0 |
| % of migrant households | 14.5 | −63 | 13.1 | −47 | 8.6 |
| % of BPL card holder households b | 25.9 | −8 | 26.7 | −14 | 24.8 |
| % of households with income <US$350/year | 12.2 | −47 | 11.6 | −37 | 9.5 |
| % of households that own their home | 65.9 | 92 | 72.5 | 16 | 73.9 |
| % of pukka homes c | 71.5 | 15 | 75.6 | −11 | 73.9 |
| % of one-room homes | 6.3 | −213 | 5.2 | −141 | 2.9 |
| % of households that have: | |||||
| Electricity | 94.4 | 49 | 95.4 | 11 | 95.8 |
| Fridge | 16.0 | −10 | 17.0 | −17 | 14.6 |
| Bicycle | 26.9 | 41 | 30.4 | 15 | 32.4 |
| Motorcycle | 29.7 | 7 | 35.6 | −33 | 30.6 |
| Phone | 38.4 | 1 | 40.4 | -8 | 38.7 |
| Radio | 39.4 | 51 | 42.5 | 30 | 46.7 |
| Water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions | |||||
| % of households with own tap | 79.5 | 136 | 88.9 | 25 | 91.1 |
| % of households receiving water every 5 or more d | 7.7 | −313 | 2.8 | −72 | 1.3 |
| % of households with own latrine | 74.5 | 32 | 79.1 | 5 | 80.0 |
| % of households served by open drain | 8.4 | 65 | 12.0 | 55 | 31.3 |
| % of households with designated garbage bin or collection at door | 47.1 | 9 | 45.6 | 16 | 49.0 |
| % of households with garbage cleared regularly by municipality | 37.5 | −9 | 37.9 | −11 | 35.5 |
| % of households with health expenditures >US$2/month | 24.5 | 46 | 21.1 | 64 | 33.3 |
Abbreviations: BPL, below poverty level.
a Standardized difference is the difference between ward-level means in two study arms divided by the ward-level standard deviation in continuous supply arm.
b A BPL card is issued by the government based on household income.
c Pukka refers to concrete or reinforced cement concrete.