Table 2. Child, maternal, and household characteristics associated with a child having a vaccine card † .
| El Salvador | Guatemala | Honduras | Mexico | Nicaragua | Panama | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 2968 | N = 4677 | N = 2613 | N = 5840 | N = 1983 | N = 1679 | |||||||||
| OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |||
| Child characteristics | Female | 1.133 | [0.863,1.488] | 1.000 | [0.839,1.192] | 0.812 | [0.618,1.066] | 1.311 *** | [1.125,1.528] | 0.778 * | [0.611,0.990] | 0.892 | [0.634,1.255] | |
| Age in years | 0 years | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | |
| 1 year | 0.727 | [0.479,1.103] | 1.086 | [0.827,1.427] | 0.952 | [0.555,1.633] | 1.863 *** | [1.429,2.428] | 0.594 * | [0.378,0.932] | 0.492 * | [0.271,0.895] | ||
| 2 years | 0.700 | [0.438,1.116] | 0.937 | [0.731,1.202] | 0.545 ** | [0.361,0.823] | 1.771 *** | [1.327,2.363] | 0.416 *** | [0.259,0.667] | 0.380 *** | [0.222,0.649] | ||
| 3 years | 0.556 ** | [0.369,0.838] | 0.975 | [0.724,1.313] | 0.484 ** | [0.296,0.792] | 1.944 *** | [1.454,2.600] | 0.348 *** | [0.231,0.525] | 0.389 *** | [0.245,0.618] | ||
| 4 years | 0.467 ** | [0.278,0.786] | 0.775 | [0.575,1.044] | 0.348 *** | [0.209,0.582] | 1.680 *** | [1.246,2.265] | 0.262 *** | [0.150,0.458] | 0.305 *** | [0.183,0.508] | ||
| Maternal characteristics | Attained education | No education | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) |
| Primary education | 0.935 | [0.529,1.652] | 1.057 | [0.816,1.370] | 0.764 | [0.426,1.370] | 1.283 | [0.888,1.853] | 1.010 | [0.594,1.718] | 2.018 * | [1.025,3.972] | ||
| Secondary educationor higher | 1.064 | [0.568,1.994] | 0.965 | [0.611,1.523] | 0.390 ** | [0.202,0.755] | 1.293 | [0.843,1.983] | 0.810 | [0.383,1.714] | 1.645 | [0.790,3.422] | ||
| Literate | 1.200 | [0.812,1.775] | 0.923 | [0.701,1.217] | 1.326 | [0.920,1.911] | 1.535 ** | [1.159,2.033] | 0.947 | [0.638,1.406] | 1.126 | [0.682,1.858] | ||
| Age in years | Age 15–19 | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | |
| Age 20–34 | 1.686 * | [1.064,2.673] | 0.859 | [0.586,1.260] | 1.311 | [0.735,2.339] | 1.297 | [0.936,1.797] | 1.528 | [0.889,2.625] | 0.792 | [0.405,1.548] | ||
| Age 35–49 | 2.126 * | [1.125,4.018] | 0.936 | [0.595,1.472] | 0.810 | [0.445,1.473] | 1.410 | [0.873,2.276] | 1.985 | [0.985,3.997] | 0.961 | [0.407,2.271] | ||
| Parity | 1 child | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | |
| 2–3 children | 1.172 | [0.810,1.697] | 1.042 | [0.801,1.356] | 0.791 | [0.515,1.216] | 1.017 | [0.752,1.376] | 1.005 | [0.684,1.478] | 1.803 * | [1.074,3.027] | ||
| 4–5 children | 1.051 | [0.653,1.690] | 1.056 | [0.747,1.492] | 0.698 | [0.413,1.182] | 1.046 | [0.693,1.579] | 1.115 | [0.657,1.890] | 1.806 * | [1.069,3.050] | ||
| 6 + children | 1.211 | [0.593,2.474] | 0.969 | [0.619,1.517] | 1.002 | [0.541,1.857] | 1.057 | [0.607,1.842] | 0.781 | [0.392,1.555] | 1.288 | [0.650,2.552] | ||
| Marital status | Single | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | |
| Married | 1.088 | [0.655,1.807] | 1.100 | [0.768,1.576] | 1.300 | [0.761,2.223] | 1.457 | [0.645,3.292] | 0.962 | [0.568,1.632] | 1.432 | [0.515,3.982] | ||
| Union | 0.804 | [0.495,1.304] | 1.085 | [0.778,1.513] | 0.952 | [0.639,1.419] | 1.461 | [0.654,3.263] | 1.219 | [0.800,1.857] | 0.810 | [0.411,1.595] | ||
| Divorced, separated, widowed, other | 1.234 | [0.714,2.132] | 1.002 | [0.595,1.687] | 1.041 | [0.480,2.258] | 1.403 | [0.582,3.380] | 0.940 | [0.430,2.057] | 0.737 | [0.335,1.623] | ||
| Employment status | Employed and working | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | |
| Homemaker | 1.264 | [0.818,1.954] | 1.398 | [0.920,2.126] | 1.322 | [0.885,1.975] | 1.609 * | [1.083,2.389] | 1.548 * | [1.021,2.346] | 1.169 | [0.532,2.567] | ||
| Employed but not working, student, retired, disabled | 0.755 | [0.355,1.603] | 0.842 | [0.499,1.422] | 1.645 | [0.604,4.479] | 1.661 | [0.622,4.440] | 1.252 | [0.374,4.195] | 3.072 | [0.659,14.32] | ||
| Household characteristics | Expenditure quintile | Quintile 1 | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) | 1.000 | (ref) |
| Quintile 2 | 1.092 | [0.684,1.746] | 1.513 * | [1.103,2.076] | 1.082 | [0.730,1.602] | 0.926 | [0.642,1.335] | 1.483 * | [1.027,2.142] | 0.835 | [0.476,1.463] | ||
| Quintile 3 | 0.763 | [0.481,1.211] | 1.178 | [0.852,1.629] | 1.067 | [0.706,1.611] | 0.897 | [0.635,1.268] | 1.176 | [0.825,1.677] | 1.222 | [0.744,2.007] | ||
| Quintile 4 | 0.788 | [0.479,1.296] | 1.254 | [0.857,1.834] | 0.870 | [0.560,1.352] | 0.837 | [0.584,1.200] | 1.179 | [0.757,1.836] | 1.750 * | [1.001,3.059] | ||
| Quintile 5 | 0.539 * | [0.332,0.876] | 1.243 | [0.895,1.725] | 0.772 | [0.456,1.307] | 0.735 | [0.475,1.138] | 0.757 | [0.454,1.262] | 1.014 | [0.548,1.874] | ||
| Average asset index | 3.225 * | [1.187,8.760] | 0.445 | [0.161,1.229] | 0.971 | [0.197,4.774] | 3.006 | [0.792,11.41] | 6.220 * | [1.540,25.11] | 2.849 | [0.254,31.92] | ||
| Average household size | 1.016 | [0.925,1.116] | 1.032 | [0.991,1.075] | 0.975 | [0.908,1.047] | 1.007 | [0.953,1.065] | 1.001 | [0.938,1.068] | 0.998 | [0.951,1.048] | ||
| Urban household | 1.180 | [0.688,2.022] | 1.012 | [0.623,1.644] | 1.023 | [0.477,2.191] | 1.383 | [0.600,3.189] | 0.968 | [0.449,2.086] | 0.791 | [0.361,1.732] | ||
| Female head of household | 0.663 * | [0.485,0.907] | 0.925 | [0.663,1.290] | 0.943 | [0.644,1.382] | 1.013 | [0.651,1.574] | 0.834 | [0.620,1.121] | 1.313 | [0.888,1.940] | ||
OR: odds ratio. CI: confidence interval.
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets
* p<0.05
** p<0.01
*** p<0.001
†Models adjusted for all variables in the table