Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis and HIV status (N = 81,427)*
| HIV-uninfected | HIV-infected | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No MDD | MDD | No MDD | MDD | |
| Characteristic | (n= 45,728) | (n= 8,791) | (n= 21,850) | (n= 5,058) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 48.8 (9.5) | 48.1 (7.4) | 48.3 (9.7) | 47.4 (7.9) |
| Male, % | 97.5 | 95.6 | 97.7 | 95.3 |
| Race / Ethnicity, % | ||||
| White | 37.0 | 41.6 | 37.0 | 42.5 |
| African American | 48.0 | 46.8 | 48.5 | 45.9 |
| Hispanic | 7.5 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 8.2 |
| Other | 7.4 | 2.4 | 7.7 | 3.4 |
| Body Mass Index ≥ 30 kg/m2, % | 38.7 | 38.6 | 13.7 | 16.6 |
| Hypertension, % | ||||
| None | 58.3 | 60.8 | 67.3 | 68.6 |
| Controlled | 9.4 | 10.1 | 7.0 | 7.9 |
| Uncontrolled | 32.4 | 29.0 | 25.7 | 23.6 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 20.0 | 23.1 | 13.3 | 16.1 |
| Lipids, mg/dL, % | ||||
| LDL cholesterol < 100 | 31.2 | 33.5 | 46.2 | 46.5 |
| LDL cholesterol 100 – 129 | 33.3 | 33.4 | 29.7 | 29.6 |
| LDL cholesterol 130 – 159 | 23.2 | 21.1 | 15.9 | 15.7 |
| LDL cholesterol ≥ 160 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 8.2 | 8.1 |
| HDL cholesterol ≥ 60 | 15.0 | 13.4 | 11.1 | 10.2 |
| HDL cholesterol 40 – 59 | 47.7 | 45.5 | 38.0 | 37.2 |
| HDL cholesterol < 40 | 37.3 | 41.1 | 50.9 | 52.6 |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 | 37.4 | 42.2 | 46.9 | 49.1 |
| Statin use within 6 months of enrollment, % |
9.4 | 11.6 | 6.4 | 6.8 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, % | ||||
| ≥ 14 | 73.1 | 70.9 | 55.1 | 57.1 |
| 12 – 13.9 | 22.9 | 24.9 | 31.9 | 32.0 |
| 10 – 11.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 9.5 | 8.5 |
| < 10 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
| Renal function, mL/min/1.73 m2, % | ||||
| eGFR ≥ 60 | 95.3 | 95.9 | 93.6 | 94.6 |
| eGFR 30 – 59 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 4.4 |
| eGFR < 30 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 |
| Atrial flutter, % | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Smoking, % | ||||
| Never | 31.4 | 22.8 | 28.4 | 19.3 |
| Past | 16.5 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 11.0 |
| Current | 52.1 | 63.8 | 57.8 | 69.7 |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence, % | 10.5 | 27.5 | 10.8 | 28.1 |
| Cocaine abuse or dependence, % | 5.5 | 16.3 | 8.5 | 23.3 |
| HCV infection, % | 13.9 | 24.0 | 32.7 | 43.2 |
| Antidepressant use, %‡ | ||||
| Any SSRI use | 20.4 | 73.7 | 22.8 | 73.6 |
| Any TCA use | 11.3 | 25.3 | 14.7 | 29.2 |
| Any other antidepressants use† | 20.6 | 70.4 | 22.2 | 68.2 |
| SSRI only use | 8.0 | 14.1 | 9.8 | 14.8 |
| TCA only use | 5.4 | 2.0 | 7.3 | 2.7 |
| Other antidepressants only use | 8.4 | 10.9 | 9.2 | 10.6 |
| No antidepressant medications | 64.1 | 10.0 | 58.4 | 9.4 |
| HIV-specific risk factors | ||||
| CD4 cell count, mm3, % | ||||
| ≥ 500 at baseline | … | … | 31.4 | 34.6 |
| 200 – 499 at baseline | … | … | 40.0 | 40.5 |
| < 200 at baseline | … | … | 28.6 | 24.9 |
| ≥ 500 at recent visit | … | … | 41.5 | 41.7 |
| 200 – 499 at recent visit | … | … | 39.2 | 38.4 |
| < 200 at recent visit | … | … | 19.3 | 20.0 |
| HIV-1 RNA, ≥ 500 copies/mL at baseline, % |
… | … | 55.1 | 56.5 |
| HIV-1 RNA, ≥ 500 copies/mL at recent visit, % |
… | … | 24.5 | 26.4 |
| ART use, % | ||||
| NRTI at baseline | … | … | 48.3 | 49.6 |
| NNRTI at baseline | … | … | 22.6 | 22.1 |
| PI at baseline | … | … | 25.3 | 27.1 |
| NRTI at recent visit | … | … | 73.7 | 68.1 |
| NNRTI at recent visit | … | … | ||
| PI at recent visit | … | … | 38.1 | 39.8 |
| Regimen, % | ||||
| NRTI + PI at baseline | … | … | 20.4 | 21.6 |
| NRTI + NNRTI at baseline | … | … | 22.1 | 21.6 |
| Other at baseline | … | … | 6.7 | 7.2 |
| No ART at baseline | … | … | 50.9 | 49.6 |
| NRTI + PI at recent visit | … | … | 32.4 | 34.1 |
| NRTI + NNRTI at recent visit | … | … | 35.9 | 28.6 |
| Other at recent visit | … | … | 8.3 | 8.6 |
| No ART at recent visit | … | … | 23.4 | 28.8 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index (calculated as kg/m2); eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDD, major depressive disorder; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic antidepressants
All characteristics were significantly different between groups (p < 0.05) except atrial flutter (p = 0.201), recent CD4 cell counts (p = 0.492), baseline HIV-1 RNA concentration (p = 0.104), baseline NRTI use (p = 0.093), baseline NNRTI use (p = 0.436), and baseline ART regimens (p = 0.080)
See Supplemental Table for medications included in each antidepressant medication category
Any Antidepressant use refers to the proportion of Veterans in a category that were taking a class of antidepressant, regardless of whether they were on multiple medications. “Only use” refers to the proportion of Veterans who are only taking that one class of medication. “No medication” refers to the proportion of Veterans who were not on any of the classes of antidepressant medication.