Table 3.
Cox proportional hazard regression models examining the association between HIV/MDD group and incident heart failure
| Characteristic | Model 1 HR (95% CI) |
Model 2 HR (95% CI) |
Model 3 HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| HIV / MDD Group | |||
| HIV -- | No MDD | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| HIV -- | MDD | 1.13 (1.00 – 1.27) | 1.30 (1.15 – 1.47) | 1.19 (1.05 – 1.35) |
| HIV + | No MDD | 1.25 (1.15 – 1.37) | 1.32 (1.20 – 1.44) | 1.28 (1.16 – 1.41) |
| HIV + | MDD | 1.54 (1.34 – 1.77) | 1.87 (1.62 – 2.15) | 1.68 (1.45 – 1.95) |
| Age, 10 year intervals | 2.04 (1.96–2.12) | 1.78 (1.70 – 1.86) | |
| Female sex | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 1.01 (0.77 – 1.33) | |
| Race / Ethnicity | |||
| White | 1[Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
| African American | 1.34 (1.24–1.46) | 1.05 (0.96 – 1.15) | |
| Hispanic | 0.80 (0.68–0.95) | 0.77 (0.65 – 0.92) | |
| Other | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | 0.92 (0.76 – 1.11) | |
| Body Mass Index ≥ 30 | 1.25 (1.14 – 1.36) | ||
| Hypertension | |||
| None | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Controlled | 1.78 (1.58 – 2.01) | ||
| Uncontrolled | 1.94 (1.77 – 2.12) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.75 (1.61 – 1.91) | ||
| Lipids, mg/dL | |||
| LDL cholesterol < 100 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| LDL cholesterol 100 – 129 | 0.88 (0.79 – 0.98) | ||
| LDL cholesterol 130 – 159 | 0.88 (0.78 – 1.00) | ||
| LDL cholesterol ≥ 160 | 0.93 (0.78 – 1.12) | ||
| HDL cholesterol ≥ 60 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| HDL cholesterol 40 – 59 | 1.04 (0.90 – 1.21) | ||
| HDL cholesterol < 40 | 1.04 (0.89 – 1.21) | ||
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 | 1.00 (0.91 – 1.10) | ||
| Statin use within 6 months | 1.08 (0.97 – 1.21) | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | |||
| ≥ 14 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 12 – 13.9 | 1.32 (1.20 – 1.45) | ||
| 10 – 11.9 | 1.84 (1.58 – 2.14) | ||
| < 10 | 2.23 (1.75 – 2.85) | ||
| Renal function, mL/min/1.73 m2 | |||
| eGFR ≥ 60 | 1 [Reference] | ||
| eGFR 30 – 59 | 2.01 (1.78 – 2.28) | ||
| eGFR < 30 | 5.21 (4.31 – 6.30) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.15 (1.63 – 2.84) | ||
| Atrial flutter | 1.59 (0.91 – 2.78) | ||
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Past | 1.09 (0.96 – 1.23) | ||
| Current | 1.42 (1.29 – 1.57) | ||
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | 0.98 (0.86 – 1.12) | ||
| Cocaine abuse or dependence | 1.27 (1.09 – 1.48) | ||
| HCV infection | 1.30 (1.19 – 1.43) |
Model 1: HIV MDD only
Model 2: Model 1+ age, sex, race/ethnicity
Model 3: Model 2+ all covariates
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as kg/m2); eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR, hazard ratio; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDD, major depressive disorder