TABLE 2.

Phenotypes of collagen knockout mouse models.

Collagen Knockout Model	Phenotype	References
Col4a1−/−	Lethal by embryonic days 10.5–11.5.	Poschl et al. [45]
Col4a2−/−	Lethal by embryonic days 10.5–11.5.	Poschl et al. [45]
Col4a3−/−	A murine model for Alport’s syndrome.	Cosgrove et al. [47]
Col15a1−/−	Skeletal muscle degeneration, atrophy, and macrophage infiltration. Increased vulnerability to exercise-induced injuries. Irregularly shaped cardiac endothelial cells, cardiac hypotrophy, and increased myocardial stiffness. Impaired peripheral nerve maturation.	Eklund et al. [49] Rasi et al. [52]
Col18a1−/−	Delayed hyaloid vessel regression with abnormal retinal vasculature. Ocular defects, anterior eye abnormalities, ciliary body atrophy. Abnormal loss in visual function with age. Weakened kidney proximal tubule and podocyte effacement. Hyperlipidemia.	Fukai et al. [66] Hurskainen et al. [67] Chang et al. [68] Marneros and Olsen [69] Ylikarppa et al. [70] Marneros et al. [71] Bishop et al. [72] Kinnunen et al. [73]
Col15a1−/− × Col18a1−/−	Phenotype similar to both Col15a1−/− and Col18a1−/− mice. More severe hyaloid vessel detachment from retina than in either Col15a1−/− or Col18a1−/− mice.	Ylikarppa et al. [74]