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. 2015 Oct 29;6:883. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00883

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Copyright © 2015 Oldenburg and Bendich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in orgDNA during maize development. Recombination-dependent replication of orgDNA in the basal meristem produces branched, multigenomic chromosomes in proplastids and mitochondria (not depicted). DNA-damaging oxidative stress is minimized, requiring little repair, by maintaining hypoxia, antioxidants, and no ROS-generating photosynthesis or respiration. Early in leaf development, orgDNA damage occurs due to ROS generated in photosynthesis, respiration, and oxidation of pigments and lipids. Later, when the damage level exceeds the repair capacity, orgDNA is fragmented and no longer functions in coding or heredity, mitochondria switch from respiration to photorespiration, and DNA copy number declines faster for mitochondria than for chloroplasts. (Reprinted from Kumar et al., 2014).