Fig 5. Cytokine levels in the serum of IV vaccinated, orally vaccinated and unvaccinated mice.

Cytokine serum levels (pg/ml) at 14 and 28 days post oral (⬜), intravenous (△) or no (◯) vaccination. IL-10 and IL-12 were undetectable in almost all mice. An increase in production of IFN-γ and TNF-α was seen in both IV and orally vaccinated mice. For IFN-γ there was no difference between the two vaccination methods. Orally vaccinated mice showed an increase of TNF-α at day 14 which subsequently decreased by day 28. Only some IV vaccinated mice had detectable TNF-α levels at day 14, but TNF-α was detectable in the serum of all IV vaccinated mice at day 28.