TABLE 1.
Associations between maternal and child characteristics and milk-feeding groups at 8 mo of age (full-term singletons with all confounders: n = 1062) and unadjusted associations between milk-feeding groups and outcomes at birth (maximum n = 1112)1
| Dietary group |
|||||||
| Characteristic | BM | FMlow | FMhigh | CMlow | CMhigh | Overall | P |
| Maternal | |||||||
| Education, n (%) | 0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 22 (16.1) | 121 (21.1) | 54 (25.5) | 20 (27.8) | 22 (32.8) | 239 (22.5) | |
| Medium | 38 (27.7) | 205 (35.7) | 73 (34.4) | 28 (38.9) | 30 (44.8) | 374 (35.2) | |
| High | 77 (56.2) | 248 (43.2) | 85 (40.1) | 24 (33.3) | 15 (22.4) | 449 (42.3) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.151 | ||||||
| No | 122 (89.1) | 504 (87.8) | 181 (85.4) | 64 (88.9) | 52 (77.6) | 923 (86.9) | |
| Yes | 15 (10.9) | 70 (12.2) | 31 (14.6) | 8 (11.1) | 15 (22.4) | 139 (13.1) | |
| Parity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 42 (30.7) | 301 (52.4) | 112 (52.8) | 23 (31.9) | 16 (23.9) | 494 (46.5) | |
| 1 | 53 (38.7) | 190 (33.1) | 59 (27.8) | 30 (41.7) | 22 (32.8) | 354 (33.3) | |
| ≥2 | 42 (30.7) | 83 (14.5) | 41 (19.3) | 19 (26.4) | 29 (43.3) | 214 (20.2) | |
| Child | |||||||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.045 | ||||||
| M | 68 (49.6) | 299 (52.1) | 133 (62.7) | 38 (52.8) | 41 (61.2) | 579 (54.5) | |
| F | 69 (50.4) | 275 (47.9) | 79 (37.3) | 34 (47.2) | 26 (38.8) | 483 (45.5) | |
| Weight at birth, kg | 3.51 ± 0.472 | 3.47 ± 0.47 | 3.52 ± 0.49 | 3.61 ± 0.47 | 3.58 ± 0.50 | 3.50 ± 0.47 | 0.062 |
| Length at birth, cm | 50.9 ± 1.90 | 50.8 ± 1.91 | 50.9 ± 2.06 | 51.1 ± 1.96 | 51.4 ± 2.36 | 50.9 ± 1.97 | 0.284 |
| BMI at birth, kg/m2 | 13.5 ± 1.16 | 13.4 ± 1.19 | 13.5 ± 1.26 | 13.8 ± 1.22 | 13.5 ± 1.15 | 13.5 ± 1.20 | 0.162 |
1
Actual n = 1102, 948, and 939 for weight, length, and BMI, respectively. P values were determined on the basis of Pearson’s chi-square test of an association for categorical variables and the F test (1-factor ANOVA) for continuous outcome variables. BM, breast milk; CMhigh, ≥600 mL cow milk/d; CMlow, <600 mL cow milk/d; FMhigh, ≥600 mL formula milk/d; FMlow <600 mL formula milk/d.
2
Mean ± SD (all such values).