TABLE 2.

Differences between milk- (type and volume) and BM-feeding groups in weight, height, and BMI SDSs at 14 ages between birth and 10 y of age after adjustment for maternal education, smoking in pregnancy, and parity¹

			Difference (95% CI)
Variable and age	n	BM mean/group P2	FMlow − BM	FMhigh – BM	CMlow – BM	CMhigh – BM
Weight
Birth	1052	0.07	0.03 (−0.16, 0.22)	0.07 (−0.14, 0.29)	0.18 (−0.10, 0.46)	0.08 (−0.21, 0.37)
4 mo	738	0.01	−0.11 (−0.31, 0.09)	−0.05 (−0.28, 0.19)	−0.03 (−0.33, 0.27)	−0.03 (−0.35, 0.28)
8 mo	1058	−0.00***	0.21 (0.03, 0.40)*	0.40 (0.18, 0.61)***	0.36 (0.07, 0.64)*	0.51 (0.22, 0.80)***
12 mo	984	−0.02***	0.25 (0.06, 0.44)*	0.38 (0.17, 0.60)***	0.30 (0.02, 0.59)*	0.64 (0.35, 0.94)***
18 mo	933	−0.17***	0.27 (0.08, 0.46)**	0.41 (0.19, 0.62)***	0.36 (0.07, 0.65)*	0.70 (0.41, 1.00)***
25 mo	904	−0.04**	0.16 (−0.04, 0.35)	0.26 (0.03, 0.48)*	0.29 (−0.01, 0.58)	0.52 (0.22, 0.81)***
31 mo	894	−0.02**	0.20 (0.01, 0.39)*	0.29 (0.07, 0.51)**	0.27 (−0.02, 0.57)	0.55 (0.25, 0.85)***
37 mo	858	0.09*	0.12 (−0.07, 0.31)	0.21 (−0.01, 0.44)	0.21 (−0.08, 0.51)	0.46 (0.16, 0.77)**
43 mo	858	0.19	0.09 (−0.10, 0.29)	0.16 (−0.07, 0.38)	0.13 (−0.16, 0.43)	0.41 (0.11, 0.72)**
49 mo	837	0.20*	0.05 (−0.15, 0.24)	0.14 (−0.08, 0.37)	0.09 (−0.21, 0.39)	0.46 (0.16, 0.77)**
61 mo	803	0.24	−0.01 (−0.20, 0.19)	0.06 (−0.17, 0.28)	0.11 (−0.19, 0.41)	0.40 (0.10, 0.71)*
7 y	780	0.28	−0.05 (−0.24, 0.15)	−0.00 (−0.23, 0.22)	0.02 (−0.28, 0.32)	0.27 (−0.04, 0.58)
9 y	740	0.42**	−0.05 (−0.25, 0.15)	0.07 (−0.16, 0.30)	−0.02 (−0.33, 0.29)	0.45 (0.14, 0.77)**
10 y	727	0.46*	−0.01 (−0.21, 0.19)	0.12 (−0.11, 0.35)	0.16 (−0.15, 0.46)	0.44 (0.13, 0.76)**
Height
Birth	905	0.20	0.05 (−0.13, 0.23)	0.01 (−0.19, 0.22)	0.14 (−0.14, 0.42)	0.30 (0.02, 0.58)*
4 mo	736	−0.01	−0.01 (−0.20, 0.18)	0.07 (−0.15, 0.29)	0.11 (−0.18, 0.39)	0.09 (−0.21, 0.38)
8 mo	1058	0.04*	0.12 (−0.06, 0.30)	0.25 (0.04, 0.45)*	0.12 (−0.14, 0.39)	0.43 (0.15, 0.70)**
12 mo	983	0.01**	0.13 (−0.05, 0.31)	0.26 (0.05, 0.46)*	0.13 (−0.14, 0.40)	0.46 (0.18, 0.74)**
18 mo	934	−0.11***	0.17 (−0.01, 0.35)	0.39 (0.19, 0.60)***	0.27 (−0.00, 0.54)	0.60 (0.32, 0.88)***
25 mo	841	−0.17***	0.12 (−0.07, 0.30)	0.34 (0.13, 0.55)**	0.20 (−0.08, 0.47)	0.47 (0.18, 0.75)**
31 mo	858	−0.14*	0.13 (−0.05, 0.31)	0.27 (0.06, 0.48)*	0.17 (−0.10, 0.45)	0.42 (0.14, 0.71)**
37 mo	847	−0.15*	0.10 (−0.08, 0.28)	0.25 (0.04, 0.46)*	0.16 (−0.12, 0.43)	0.44 (0.15, 0.73)**
43 mo	850	−0.10*	0.11 (−0.08, 0.29)	0.22 (0.01, 0.43)*	0.02 (−0.26, 0.29)	0.41 (0.13, 0.70)**
49 mo	836	0.09	0.03 (−0.15, 0.22)	0.16 (−0.05, 0.37)	0.02 (−0.26, 0.30)	0.31 (0.02, 0.60)*
61 mo	803	0.01	−0.01 (−0.19, 0.17)	0.08 (−0.13, 0.29)	−0.02 (−0.30, 0.26)	0.25 (−0.04, 0.54)
7 y	783	0.27	−0.05 (−0.23, 0.13)	0.02 (−0.20, 0.23)	−0.10 (−0.38, 0.18)	0.16 (−0.13, 0.45)
9 y	740	0.40	−0.09 (−0.28, 0.09)	−0.00 (−0.22, 0.21)	−0.17 (−0.46, 0.11)	0.12 (−0.17, 0.42)
10 y	727	0.41	−0.05 (−0.24, 0.14)	0.07 (−0.15, 0.28)	−0.05 (−0.34, 0.23)	0.30 (0.01, 0.60)*
BMI
Birth	896	0.24	−0.07 (−0.27, 0.12)	−0.03 (−0.25, 0.19)	0.17 (−0.12, 0.47)	−0.14 (−0.44, 0.16)
4 mo	736	−0.03	−0.16 (−0.36, 0.04)	−0.15 (−0.38, 0.09)	−0.14 (−0.44, 0.17)	−0.15 (−0.47, 0.17)
8 mo	1058	−0.03*	0.18 (−0.00, 0.37)	0.32 (0.11, 0.53)**	0.37 (0.09, 0.65)**	0.32 (0.04, 0.61)*
12 mo	982	−0.03*	0.23 (0.04, 0.41)*	0.30 (0.08, 0.51)**	0.29 (0.01, 0.58)*	0.46 (0.17, 0.75)**
18 mo	927	−0.17	0.22 (0.03, 0.41)*	0.21 (−0.01, 0.43)	0.24 (−0.05, 0.53)	0.42 (0.12, 0.72)**
25 mo	841	0.05	0.11 (−0.09, 0.30)	0.05 (−0.18, 0.27)	0.23 (−0.07, 0.53)	0.25 (−0.05, 0.55)
31 mo	857	0.09	0.13 (−0.06, 0.33)	0.15 (−0.07, 0.37)	0.23 (−0.07, 0.52)	0.35 (0.05, 0.65)*
37 mo	847	0.26	0.09 (−0.11, 0.28)	0.08 (−0.14, 0.31)	0.17 (−0.13, 0.46)	0.25 (−0.06, 0.56)
43 mo	849	0.39	0.03 (−0.17, 0.22)	0.01 (−0.21, 0.24)	0.16 (−0.14, 0.45)	0.19 (−0.11, 0.50)
49 mo	834	0.25	0.04 (−0.15, 0.24)	0.06 (−0.16, 0.29)	0.10 (−0.20, 0.40)	0.38 (0.08, 0.69)*
61 mo	798	0.32	−0.00 (−0.20, 0.19)	0.02 (−0.21, 0.24)	0.16 (−0.14, 0.46)	0.36 (0.05, 0.67)*
7 y	780	0.18	−0.04 (−0.24, 0.15)	−0.03 (−0.26, 0.19)	0.12 (−0.18, 0.43)	0.27 (−0.05, 0.58)
9 y	740	0.33**	−0.03 (−0.23, 0.17)	0.06 (−0.17, 0.29)	0.07 (−0.24, 0.38)	0.54 (0.22, 0.86)**
10 y	727	0.35*	0.01 (−0.19, 0.21)	0.13 (−0.10, 0.36)	0.26 (−0.05, 0.57)	0.43 (0.11, 0.74)**

¹BM, breast milk; CM_high, ≥600 mL cow milk/d; CM_low, <600 mL cow milk/d; FM_high, ≥600 mL formula milk/d; FM_low, <600 mL formula milk/d; SDS, SD score.

²BM mean is the adjusted mean SDS of the breast-milk group in each age band standardized with the use of United Kingdom 1990 growth references and the LMS method (28–30). *,**,***Group P is an overall test of whether the BM group differed from all of the other 4 feeding groups (4 df): *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.