Table 2.
Creatine and exercise-induced muscle damage studies (aerobic exercise protocol)
| Studies | Subject | Exercise | Intervention | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santos et al. (2004) | Male marathon runners (n=34) | 30 km race | 20 g/day (5 g/serving, 4 serving/day), 5 days before 30 km race | =Race time = CK ↓ LDH ↓ PGE2 ↓ TNF-α = Creatinine |
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| Bassit et al. (2008) | Male triathletes (n=11) | Half-ironman competition | 20 g/day (10 g/serving, 2 serving/day), 5 days before competition | = IL-6 ↓ TNF-α ↓ INF-α ↓ IL-1β ↓ PGE2 |
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| Bassit et al. (2010) | Male triathletes (n=8) | Triathlon competition | 20 g/day (10 g/serving, 2 serving/day), 5 days before triathlon competition | ↓ CK ↓ LDH ↓ ALD ↓ GOT ↓ GPT = CRP |
| Male rats (n=25) | Continuous muscle contraction using electrical stimulation during 60 min. | 5 g/kg/day, 5 days | ↓ Fatigue ↑ Muscle tetanic force ↓ CK ↓ LDH ↓ MVP |
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| Deminice & Jordao (2012) | Male rats (n=64) | Swimming during 1-h with load of 4% of total body weight | 2% creatine, 28 days before exercise | ↓ TBARS ↓ Lipid hydroperoxide ↑ GSH/GSSG ratio ↑ Total antioxidant capacity = α-Tocopherol = CAT = CK = Uric acid = Lactate |
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| Silva et al. (2013) | Male rats (n=36) | Exhaustion eccentric running using treadmill (VO2max 50–60%, constant velocity 1.0 km/h) | 300 mg/kg/day, 15 days | = Muscle performance = CK = TBARS |
| Dose of initially: 2 serving/day | = PC = TT = SOD |
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| Dose after 6 days: 1 serving/day | = GPX = CAT = TNF-α = IL-1β = NF-κB |
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=, No significant difference; ↓, significantly decreased responses; ↑, significantly increased responses. IL-1β, Interleukin-1 β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; CRP, C-reactive protein; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; ALD, aldolase; GOT, glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase; GPT, glutamic pyruvic acid transaminase; PC, protein carbonyl; TT, total thiol; CAT, catalase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; MVP, muscle vascular permeability; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide.