Table 3.
Association between APOL1 risk alleles and various glomerular diseases
| Glomerular Disease | HIV-Positive Patients and Controls | HIV-Negative Patients and Controls | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of APOL1 Risk Alleles | OR (95% CI) | P Value | No. of APOL1 Risk Alleles | OR (95% CI) | P Value | |||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 versus 1 or 0 risk alleles | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 versus 1 or 0 risk alleles | |||
| Controls (n=108) | 34 (63) | 18 (33) | 2 (4) | — | — | 36 (67) | 17 (32) | 1 (2) | — | — |
| HIVAN (n=38) | 2 (5) | 6 (16) | 30 (79) | 89 (17.7 to 912) | 1.2×10−14 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Other CKD (n=78) | 22 (57) | 11 (28) | 6 (15) | 3.8 (0.6 to 42) | 0.13 | 25 (64) | 13 (33) | 1(3) | 1.4 (0.02 to 11) | >0.99 |
| FSGS (n=22) | 9 (69) | 3 (23) | 1 (8) | 2.1 (0.03 to 44) | 0.48 | 5 (56) | 3 (33) | 1 (11) | 6 0.3 (0.08 to 527) | 0.26 |
| HIVICK (n=12) | 4 (33) | 5 (42) | 3 (25) | 5.6 (0.4 to 86) | 0.13 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Other GN (n=27)a | 7 (70) | 3 (30) | 0 (0) | 0.0 (0 to 30) | >0.99 | 10 (59) | 7 (41) | 0 (0) | 0 (0 to 124) | >0.99 |
| Other kidney diseases (n=17)b | 2 (50) | 0 (0) | 2 (50) | 21 (0.2 to 2029) | 0.11 | 10 (77) | 3 (23) | 0 (0) | 0 (0 to 210) | >0.99 |
Data are given as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. The APOL1 genotype frequencies and associations, tested with the Fisher exact test, are shown for various glomerular diseases among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients and general population controls. The only glomerular disease that showed a significant association with APOL1 risk alleles was HIVAN. Of note, HIV-positive FSGS, HIV-negative FSGS, and HIVICK were not significantly associated with APOL1 risk alleles, although group sizes were small. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and ancestry. P values indicate probability by the Fisher exact test.
Other GN is as follows: HIV-positive: membranoproliferative GN (n=1), membranoproliferative GN consistent with C3 glomerulopathy (n=1), and membranous GN (n=8); and HIV-negative: IgA nephropathy (n=1), lupus nephritis (n=3), membranoproliferative GN (n=2), and membranous GN (n=11).
Other kidney diseases are as follows: HIV-positive: benign nephrosclerosis (n=1), global glomerulosclerosis (n=1), minimal change disease (n=1), and thrombotic microangiopathy (n=1); and HIV-negative: benign nephrosclerosis (n=1), oxalosis (n=1), global glomerulosclerosis (n=2), minimal change disease (n=5), nodular glomerulosclerosis (n=1), severe arterial nephrosclerosis with secondary FSGS (n=1), and thrombotic microangiopathy (n=2).