Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by serum PlGF quartile
| Characteristic | PlGF (pg/ml) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1≤10.1 (n=338) | Quartile 2 10.2–14.4 (n=337) | Quartile 3 14.5–19.5 (n=338) | Quartile 4≥19.6 (n=338) | P Value | |
| Demographics and risk factors | |||||
| Age (y) | 59 (36–69) | 64 (52–74) | 67 (56–74) | 68 (60–75) | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 201 (59.5) | 206 (61.1) | 209 (61.8) | 209 (61.8) | 0.91 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 (20.9–25.4) | 23.4 (20.7–25.4) | 23.3 (20.8–25.9) | 22.9 (20.6–25.8) | 0.53 |
| Diabetes | 79 (23.4) | 95 (28.2) | 108 (32.0) | 133 (39.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 168 (49.7) | 197 (58.5) | 227 (67.2) | 245 (72.5) | <0.001 |
| GNa | 179 (53.0) | 145 (43.0) | 131 (38.9) | 125 (37.0) | 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 118 (34.9) | 157 (46.6) | 146 (43.2) | 133 (39.3) | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 92 (27.2) | 102 (30.3) | 114 (33.7) | 104 (30.8) | 0.33 |
| Smoking | 143 (42.3) | 174 (51.6) | 166 (49.1) | 187 (55.3) | 0.01 |
| Previous CAD | 44 (12.7) | 67 (19.9) | 74 (21.9) | 78 (23.1) | 0.002 |
| Previous stroke | 13 (3.8) | 17 (5.0) | 30 (8.9) | 30 (8.9) | 0.01 |
| Current medications | |||||
| RAS blocker | 135 (39.9) | 162 (48.1) | 166 (49.1) | 176 (52.1) | 0.01 |
| CCB | 84 (24.9) | 123 (36.5) | 138 (40.8) | 141 (41.7) | <0.001 |
| β-blocker | 38 (11.2) | 45 (13.4) | 55 (16.3) | 63 (18.6) | 0.03 |
| MR antagonist | 20 (5.9) | 15 (4.5) | 26 (7.7) | 25 (7.4) | 0.27 |
| Lipid-lowering agent | 65 (19.2) | 81 (24.0) | 80 (23.7) | 81 (24.0) | 0.37 |
| Diuretic | 58 (17.2) | 67 (19.9) | 90 (26.6) | 101 (29.9) | 0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 71 (21.0) | 103 (30.6) | 117 (34.6) | 131 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory results | |||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95 (0.72–1.30) | 1.05 (0.73–1.52) | 1.15 (0.90–2.04) | 1.56 (1.00–5.83) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | |||||
| Overall | 57.7 (41.3–86.0) | 53.5 (32.1–73.7) | 46.4 (24.4–59.3) | 32.2 (7.6–52.9) | <0.001 |
| >60 | 156 (46.2) | 127 (37.7) | 79 (23.4) | 55 (16.3) | |
| 30–60 | 127 (37.6) | 130 (38.6) | 156 (46.2) | 122 (36.1) | |
| <30 | 45 (13.3) | 63 (18.7) | 58 (17.2) | 73 (21.6) | |
| Dialysis, n (%) | 10 (3.0) | 17 (5.0) | 45 (13.3) | 88 (26.0) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 18 (13–24) | 19 (15–28) | 22 (16–36) | 26 (18–44) | <0.001 |
| Proteinuriab | 234 (63.8) | 197 (54.9) | 206 (60.2) | 194 (68.1) | 0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 6.2 (5.0–7.7) | 6.4 (5.1–7.5) | 6.4 (5.3–7.7) | 6.5 (5.1–7.8) | 0.43 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.1 (3.4–4.4) | 4.0 (3.4–4.4) | 3.9 (3.3–4.3) | 3.7 (3.0–4.2) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.4 (9.0–9.7) | 9.3 (9.0–9.6) | 9.3 (8.9–9.5) | 9.3 (9.0–9.7) | 0.01 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dl) | 3.6 (3.2–4.0) | 3.5 (3.1–4.0) | 3.5 (3.1–4.1) | 3.7 (3.3–4.4) | 0.001 |
| CRP (mg/dl) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.9) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.2 (11.9–14.6) | 12.9 (11.3–14.5) | 12.3 (10.6–13.8) | 11.7 (10.1–13.5) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 5.8 (5.4–6.4) | 5.8 (5.5–6.4) | 0.13 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 116 (90–144) | 114 (87–146) | 115 (92–143) | 108 (83–146) | 0.24 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 56 (45–72) | 55 (44–70) | 50 (39–63) | 50 (44–64) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 115 (79–165) | 117 (86–168) | 116 (85–166) | 123 (89–172) | 0.43 |
| BNP (pg/ml)c | 29.4 (12.3–107.2) | 53.3 (19.4–217.3) | 69.8 (31.4–239.8) | 126 (47.4–346.7) | <0.001 |
| VEGF (pg/ml)d | 274 (144–461) | 298 (159–478) | 287 (162–535) | 310 (174–563) | 0.10 |
Data are expressed as medians (interquartile ranges) or n (%). eGFR was calculated using the MDRD equation modified for Japan. CAD, coronary artery disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; MR, mineralocorticoid receptor; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.
a
The percentage of patients with GN was calculated from the 750 participants who underwent renal biopsy.
b
Data on proteinuria was available in 1209 participants.
c
Plasma BNP levels were available in 1175 participants.
d
Serum VEGF levels were available in 1327 participants.