Table 2.

Immune correlates of risk identified in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials

Trial	Details
RV144	Plasma IgG binding antibody to gp70V1V2 scaffold proteins (subtypes B, A, C and CRF01_AE) inversely correlated with risk of infection
	Plasma IgA-envelope binding antibodies correlated with risk
	In vaccine recipients with low plasma IgA antibodies, an inverse correlation was observed between rate of infection and Env-specific CD4+ T cells, ADCC, neutralising antibodies, and Env IgG avidity
	Sieve analysis showed two positions in V2 (169 and 181), which substantiates the hypothesis that protection resulted from vaccine-induced responses against V2 loop
	Positive association between the Fc©RIIC polymorphism and vaccine efficacy
	Env IgG3 correlated with decreased risk of HIV infection
Vax004	ADCVI inverse correlated with rate of HIV acquisition
	High levels of neutralising antibodies to MN inversely correlated with HIV incidence
	Fc© receptor IIIa genotype was associated with an increased rate of HIV-1 infection in low-risk, but not in high-risk vaccinees
Vax003 Step trial (HVTN 502)	No correlates identified
	Presence of HLA alleles and overall T-cell breadth and magnitude of the immune response significantly correlated with lower mean viral load in infected vaccinees suggesting the implication of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
	Non-HIV-specific ELISPOT magnitude was a significant direct CoR for HIV-1 infection in vaccinees
Vax003	Analysis ongoing

CoR: correlate of risk