Predicted means (± standard errors) in female and male placental hCG multiples of the median, normalized for ga-MoM, across categories of maternal race, weight and age in the first and second trimesters. All of these plots represent significant fluctuations in the female-to-male ratio across categories (P <0.01). hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; ga-MoM, gestational age multiple of the median.