Table 1. Characteristics of the elderly respondents to the questionnaire regarding participation in sports groups.
| n | (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Overall | 78,002 | (100.0) |
| Regular participation in sports groups | ||
| Regular Participants | 14,302 | (18.3) |
| Non–regular participants | 63,700 | (71.7) |
| Demographic and biological factors | ||
| Sex | ||
| Male | 37,772 | (48.4) |
| Female | 40,230 | (51.6) |
| Age group (years) | ||
| 65–69 | 24,429 | (31.3) |
| 70–74 | 23,289 | (29.9) |
| 75–79 | 16,565 | (21.2) |
| 80–84 | 9,282 | (11.9) |
| ≥85 | 4,437 | (5.7) |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 53,391 | (68.4) |
| <18.5 | 5,123 | (6.6) |
| ≥25.0 | 16,594 | (21.3) |
| Missing | 2,894 | (3.7) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 56,454 | (72.4) |
| Widowed | 16,116 | (20.7) |
| Divorced | 2,474 | (3.2) |
| Never married | 1,578 | (2.0) |
| Others and missing | 1,380 | (1.8) |
| Educational level (years) | ||
| ≥13 | 14,395 | (18.5) |
| 10–12 | 26,611 | (34.1) |
| 6–9 | 31,752 | (40.7) |
| <6 | 1,784 | (2.3) |
| Others and missing | 3,460 | (4.4) |
| Equivalent household income (yen) | ||
| ≥2.5 million | 21,846 | (28.0) |
| 1.5–2.5 million | 26,342 | (33.8) |
| <1.5 million | 17,889 | (22.9) |
| Missing | 11,925 | (15.3) |
| Occupational status | ||
| Employed | 16,430 | (21.1) |
| Retired/Not employed | 44,287 | (56.8) |
| Never employed | 9,109 | (11.7) |
| Missing | 8,176 | (10.5) |
| Longest job | ||
| Clerical | 11,289 | (14.5) |
| Administrative | 4,832 | (6.2) |
| Professional/technical | 12,004 | (15.4) |
| Sales/service | 10,618 | (13.6) |
| Skilled/labor | 10,073 | (12.9) |
| Agriculture/forestry/fishery | 5,731 | (7.3) |
| Others | 9,171 | (11.8) |
| No occupation | 4,158 | (5.3) |
| Missing | 10,126 | (13.0) |
| IADL | ||
| Good | 58,783 | (75.4) |
| Poor | 14,146 | (18.1) |
| Missing | 5,073 | (6.5) |
| Psychosocial factors | ||
| Self–rated health | ||
| Very good | 9,281 | (11.9) |
| Good | 53,367 | (68.4) |
| Poor | 12,611 | (16.2) |
| Very poor | 1,941 | (2.5) |
| Missing | 802 | (1.0) |
| Depression | ||
| No | 47,876 | (61.4) |
| Mild | 13,521 | (17.3) |
| Mild to severe | 4,409 | (5.7) |
| Missing | 12,196 | (15.6) |
| General trust | ||
| No | 20,871 | (26.8) |
| Yes | 54,431 | (69.8) |
| Missing | 2,700 | (3.5) |
| Norms of reciprocity | ||
| No | 32,625 | (41.8) |
| Yes | 43,711 | (56.0) |
| Missing | 1,666 | (2.1) |
| Attachment to the neighborhood | ||
| No | 13,789 | (17.7) |
| Yes | 63,028 | (80.8) |
| Missing | 1,185 | (1.5) |
| Behavioral factors | ||
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 42,371 | (54.3) |
| Ever | 21,050 | (27.0) |
| Current | 8,036 | (10.3) |
| Missing | 6,545 | (8.4) |
| Alcohol intake | ||
| Never | 44,295 | (56.8) |
| Ever | 2,561 | (3.3) |
| Current | 27,184 | (34.9) |
| Missing | 3,962 | (5.1) |
| Social and cultural factors | ||
| Receiving emotional support | ||
| No | 4,589 | (5.9) |
| Yes | 71,963 | (92.3) |
| Missing | 1,450 | (1.9) |
| Providing emotional support | ||
| No | 5,641 | (7.2) |
| Yes | 70,552 | (90.4) |
| Missing | 1,809 | (2.3) |
| Receiving instrumental support | ||
| No | 3,783 | (4.8) |
| Yes | 73,004 | (93.6) |
| Missing | 1,215 | (1.6) |
| Providing instrumental support | ||
| No | 9,115 | (11.7) |
| Yes | 66,392 | (85.1) |
| Missing | 2,495 | (3.2) |
| Frequency of meeting friends | ||
| A few times a year or less | 19,659 | (25.2) |
| 1–2 times/month | 15,328 | (19.7) |
| About once/week | 12,873 | (16.5) |
| 2–3 times/week | 17,362 | (22.3) |
| Almost every day | 10,622 | (13.6) |
| Missing | 2,158 | (2.8) |
| Number of met friends | ||
| 0 | 4,634 | (5.9) |
| 1–2 | 12,440 | (15.9) |
| 3–5 | 18,826 | (24.1) |
| 6–9 | 10,542 | (13.5) |
| ≥10 | 28,744 | (36.9) |
| Missing | 2,816 | (3.6) |
| Interactions with neighbors | ||
| Cooperating in daily life | 12,766 | (16.4) |
| Standing and chatting frequently | 42,250 | (54.2) |
| No more than an exchange of greetings/none | 17,871 | (22.9) |
| Missing | 5,115 | (6.6) |
| Social participation | ||
| Politics | ||
| No | 53,904 | (69.1) |
| Yes | 7,933 | (10.2) |
| Missing | 16,165 | (20.7) |
| Industry | ||
| No | 58,823 | (75.4) |
| Yes | 11,544 | (14.8) |
| Missing | 7,635 | (9.8) |
| Volunteer | ||
| No | 58,624 | (75.2) |
| Yes | 13,295 | (17.0) |
| Missing | 6,083 | (7.8) |
| Senior citizen club | ||
| No | 55,796 | (71.5) |
| Yes | 18,594 | (23.8) |
| Missing | 3,612 | (4.6) |
| Religion | ||
| No | 54,031 | (69.3) |
| Yes | 9,281 | (11.9) |
| Missing | 14,690 | (18.8) |
| Neighborhood community | ||
| No | 43,859 | (56.2) |
| Yes | 30,932 | (39.7) |
| Missing | 3,211 | (4.1) |
| Hobby | ||
| No | 42,444 | (54.4) |
| Yes | 32,998 | (42.3) |
| Missing | 2,560 | (3.3) |
| Environmental factors | ||
| Population density | ||
| Metropolitan | 16,720 | (21.4) |
| Urban | 16,856 | (21.6) |
| Semi–urban | 17,227 | (22.1) |
| Rural | 27,199 | (34.9) |
| Perceived neighborhood environment | ||
| Graffiti or garbage | ||
| No | 49,955 | (64.0) |
| Yes | 20,998 | (26.9) |
| Missing | 7,049 | (9.0) |
| Parks or sidewalks | ||
| No | 20,708 | (26.5) |
| Yes | 53,765 | (68.9) |
| Missing | 3,529 | (4.5) |
| Hills or steps | ||
| No | 43,905 | (56.3) |
| Yes | 30,864 | (39.6) |
| Missing | 3,233 | (4.1) |
| Risk of traffic accidents | ||
| No | 24,126 | (30.9) |
| Yes | 50,365 | (64.6) |
| Missing | 3,511 | (4.5) |
| Fascinating views or buildings | ||
| No | 42,043 | (53.9) |
| Yes | 30,455 | (39.0) |
| Missing | 5,504 | (7.1) |
| Access to shops | ||
| No | 19,248 | (24.7) |
| Yes | 56,412 | (72.3) |
| Missing | 2,342 | (3.0) |
| Risk of crime at night | ||
| No | 24,622 | (31.6) |
| Yes | 46,187 | (59.2) |
| Missing | 7,193 | (9.2) |
| Access to facilities | ||
| No | 40,526 | (52.0) |
| Yes | 30,077 | (38.6) |
| Missing | 7,399 | (9.5) |
IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index