Table 5. Associations between participating in sports groups and social and cultural factors.
| Regular participation in sports groups | Crude analysis | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
| Receiving emotional support | ||||
| No | 422 (9.2) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 13,658 (19.0) | 2.06 (1.88–2.26) | 1.62 (1.48–1.78) | 1.64 (1.50–1.80) |
| Missing | 222 (15.3) | 1.66 (1.43–1.94) | 1.59 (1.37–1.85) | 1.65 (1.42–1.91) |
| Providing emotional support | ||||
| No | 466 (8.3) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 13,568 (19.2) | 2.33 (2.13–2.54) | 1.78 (1.63–1.95) | 1.79 (1.64–1.96) |
| Missing | 268 (14.8) | 1.79 (1.56–2.06) | 1.70 (1.48–1.95) | 1.76 (1.53–2.02) |
| Receiving instrumental support | ||||
| No | 505 (13.3) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 13,599 (18.6) | 1.40 (1.28–1.52) | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.17 (1.08–1.27) |
| Missing | 198 (16.3) | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 1.21 (1.04–1.40) |
| Providing instrumental support | ||||
| No | 990 (10.9) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 12,917 (19.5) | 1.79 (1.69–1.90) | 1.43 (1.34–1.52) | 1.44 (1.35–1.54) |
| Missing | 395 (15.8) | 1.46 (1.31–1.62) | 1.46 (1.31–1.63) | 1.50 (1.35–1.67) |
| Frequency of meeting friends | ||||
| A few times a year or less | 1,112 (5.7) | ref | ref | ref |
| 1–2 times/month | 1,724 (11.2) | 1.99 (1.85–2.14) | 1.82 (1.70–1.96) | 1.85 (1.72–1.99) |
| About once/week | 2,652 (20.6) | 3.64 (3.41–3.89) | 3.28 (3.07–3.51) | 3.32 (3.10–3.54) |
| 2–3 times/week | 5,656 (32.6) | 5.76 (5.42–6.12) | 5.15 (4.84–5.48) | 5.23 (4.92–5.56) |
| Almost every day | 2,782 (26.2) | 4.63 (4.34–4.94) | 4.17 (3.90–4.45) | 4.24 (3.97–4.52) |
| Missing | 376 (17.4) | 3.08 (2.76–3.43) | 3.27 (2.94–3.64) | 3.39 (3.04–3.77) |
| Number of met friends | ||||
| 0 | 172 (3.7) | ref | ref | ref |
| 1–2 | 909 (7.3) | 1.97 (1.68–2.31) | 1.85 (1.58–2.17) | 1.90 (1.62–2.23) |
| 3–5 | 2,514 (13.4) | 3.60 (3.09–4.18) | 3.16 (2.72–3.68) | 3.29 (2.83–3.82) |
| 6–9 | 1,946 (18.5) | 4.97 (4.27–5.79) | 4.18 (3.59–4.87) | 4.35 (3.73–5.06) |
| ≥10 | 8,427 (29.3) | 7.90 (6.81–9.16) | 6.35 (5.47–7.36) | 6.61 (5.70–7.67) |
| Missing | 334 (11.9) | 3.20 (2.67–3.82) | 3.17 (2.65–3.78) | 3.35 (2.81–4.00) |
| Interactions with neighbors | ||||
| Cooperating in daily life | 2,667 (20.9) | ref | ref | ref |
| Standing and chatting frequently | 8,185 (19.4) | 0.93 (0.89–0.96) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.89 (0.86–0.93) |
| No more than exchange greetings/none | 2,451 (13.7) | 0.66 (0.62–0.69) | 0.74 (0.70–0.77) | 0.67 (0.63–0.70) |
| Missing | 999 (19.5) | 0.93 (0.88–1.00) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.98 (0.91–1.04) |
| Social participation | ||||
| Politics | ||||
| No | 8,084 (15.0) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 1,974 (24.9) | 1.66 (1.59–1.73) | 1.64 (1.57–1.71) | 1.65 (1.58–1.72) |
| Missing | 4,244 (26.3) | 1.75 (1.69–1.81) | 1.84 (1.78–1.90) | 1.78 (1.72–1.85) |
| Industry | ||||
| No | 8,774 (14.9) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 2,570 (22.3) | 1.49 (1.44–1.55) | 1.43 (1.37–1.49) | 1.45 (1.39–1.51) |
| Missing | 2,958 (38.7) | 2.60 (2.51–2.69) | 2.78 (2.69–2.88) | 2.84 (2.75–2.94) |
| Volunteer | ||||
| No | 7,874 (13.4) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 3,920 (29.5) | 2.20 (2.12–2.27) | 1.91 (1.84–1.97) | 1.96 (1.89–2.02) |
| Missing | 2,508 (41.2) | 3.07 (2.96–3.18) | 3.31 (3.19–3.43) | 3.36 (3.25–3.49) |
| Senior citizen club | ||||
| No | 7,360 (13.2) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 5,326 (28.6) | 2.17 (2.10–2.24) | 2.35 (2.28–2.42) | 2.51 (2.43–2.59) |
| Missing | 1,616 (44.7) | 3.39 (3.25–3.54) | 3.64 (3.49–3.79) | 3.65 (3.50–3.80) |
| Religion | ||||
| No | 8,531 (15.8) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 1,667 (18.0) | 1.14 (1.08–1.19) | 1.15 (1.09–1.20) | 1.15 (1.09–1.20) |
| Missing | 4,104 (27.9) | 1.77 (1.71–1.83) | 1.85 (1.80–1.91) | 1.87 (1.80–1.94) |
| Neighborhood community | ||||
| No | 5,628 (12.8) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 6,826 (22.1) | 1.72 (1.67–1.78) | 1.57 (1.52–1.62) | 1.65 (1.60–1.70) |
| Missing | 1,848 (57.6) | 4.49 (4.32–4.66) | 4.39 (4.22–4.57) | 4.49 (4.32–4.67) |
| Hobby | ||||
| No | 2,422 (5.7) | ref | ref | ref |
| Yes | 10,736 (32.5) | 5.70 (5.47–5.94) | 5.07 (4.86–5.30) | 5.04 (4.83–5.27) |
| Missing | 1,144 (44.7) | 7.83 (7.39–8.30) | 7.65 (7.23–8.11) | 7.75 (7.32–8.21) |
PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference
aModel 1 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, marital status, educational level, household income, occupational status, IADL, self–rated health, depression, smoking status, and alcohol intake.
bModel 2 is adjusted for the factors in Model 1 plus population density.