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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2015 Sep 7;86(6):1673–1684. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12418

Table 2.

Risk Factors and Cumulative Risk Scores in the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC; experimental intervention) Group, Developmental Education for Families (DEF; control intervention) Group, and Low-risk Comparison Group.

Risk factor CPS-Referred
Low-Risk Comparison (n = 30)
ABC (n = 19) DEF (n = 21)


n % n % n %
Low income (Income-to-needs ratio < 1) 15 79% 20 95% 7 23%
Low education (Less than high school) 11 58% 6 29% 1 3%
Ethnic minority 16 85% 20 95% 22 73%
Single mother 11 58% 16 76% 11 37%
Adolescent mother (< 20 years old) 5 26% 9 43% 5 17%
High depression (BSI t-score > 65) 2 11% 2 10% 1 3%
Mean (SD) Min – Max Mean (SD) Min – Max Mean (SD) Min – Max

Risk composite 3.16 (1.26) 1 – 5 3.48 (1.08) 1 – 5 1.57 (1.38) 0 – 5

Note: CPS = Child Protective Services