Table 2.

A selection of recent cumulative exposure studies from populations in North America and Europe, including exposures to six chemical classes (phthalates, phenols, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs)

Study	n	location	years	matrix1	Classes measured
					phthalates	phenols	PFCs	Flame retardants	PCBs & OCs
Maternal Serum (MS)
Abdelouahab et al. 2013 [136]	380	Canada	2007–08	MS				x	x
Adlard et al. 2014 [118]	363	Canada, Mexico	2005–2007	MS				x	x
Carmichael et al. 2010 [137]	48	USA	2003	MS				x	x
Cheslack-Postava et al. 2013 [88]	150	Finland	1991–2000	MS				x	x
Roze et al. 2009 [151]	62	Netherlands	2001–02	MS				x	x
Vafeiadi et al. 2014 [95]	1117	Greece	2007–08	MS				x	x
Vorkamp et al. 2014 [138]	100	Denmark	2011	MS			x	x
Zota et al. 2013 [82]	61	USA	2008–12	MS				x	x
Maternal urine (MU)
Arbuckle et al. 2014 [152]	2000	Canada	2008–11	MU	x	x
Braun et al. 2012 [153]	137	USA	2004–09	MU	x	x
Braun et al. 2014 [154]	177	USA	2005–11	MU	x	x
Casas et al. 2011 [134]	120	Spain	2004–08	MU	x	x
Tefre de Renzy-Martin et al. 2014 [132]	200	Denmark	2011	MU	x	x
Ferguson et al. 2014 [155]	107	Mexico	1994–2004	MU	x	x
Hoepner et al. 2013 [145]	375	USA	1999–2006	MU	x	x
Phillipat et al. 2012 [133]	191, 287	France	2002–06	MU	x	x
Watkins et al. 2014 [156]	116	Mexico	1997–2004	MU	x	x
Weinberger et al. 2014 [157]	72	USA	not listed	MU	x	x
Breast Milk (BM)
Alivernini et al. 2011 [158]	13	Italy	2005–2007	BM				x	x
Croes et al. 2012 [141]	84	Belgium	2009–10	BM				x	x
Gómara et al. 2011 [159]	9	Spain	2005	BM				x	x
Hernik et al. 2011 [100]	28	Poland	2002–05	BM				x	x
LaKind et al. 2009 [97]	10	USA	2004–05	BM				x	x
Lankova et al. 2013 [55]	50	Czech Republic	2010	BM			x	x
Lignell et al. 2009 [140]	335	Sweden	1996–2006	BM				x	x
Park et al. 2011 [143]	82	USA	2003–05	BM				x	x
Pratt et al. 2013 [160]	109	Ireland	2010	BM			x	x
Raab et al. 2013 [101]	516	Germany	2007–08	BM			x		x
Schlumpf et al. 2010 [121]	54	Switzerland	2004–06	BM	x	x		x	x
Schuhmacher et al. 2008 [144]	15	Spain	2007	BM				x	x
Thomsen et al. 2010 [62]	70	Norway	2001–09	BM			x	x	x
Cord Serum (CS)
Arbuckle et al. 2013 [139]	126	Canada	2005–08	CS			x	x
Chevalier et al. 2015 [19]	180	France	2002–05	CS	x	x			x
Vizcaino et al. 2011 [161]	265	Spain	1997–98	CS				x	x
Placenta (P) and Amniotic Fluid (AF)
Leino et al. 2013 [107]	130	Finland	2004–2005	P				x	x
Nanes et al. 2014 [162]	42	USA	not listed	P				x	x
Jensen et al. 2012 [18]	300	Denmark	1980–96	AF	x		x
Multiple matrices
Braun et al. 2014 [142]	175	USA	2003–06	MU, MS	x	x	x	x	x
Brucker-Davis et al. 2011 [163]	69, 84	France	2002–05	BM, CS	x	x
de Cock et al. 2014 [56]	83	Netherlands	2011–13	CS, BM	x		x		x
Doucet et al. 2009 [164]	52, 60	Canada	1998–2006	P, fetal liver				x	x
Needham et al. 2011 [57]	15	Faroe Islands	2000	MS, BM, CS, P			x		x
Porpora et al. 2013 [165]	38	Italy	2008–09	MS, CS			x		x
Vizcaino et al. 2014 [135]	308, 50	Spain	2004–08	MS, CS, P				x	x
Woodruff et al. 2011 [2]	268	USA	2003–04	MU, MS	x	x	x	x	x

¹Matrix abbreviations: MS: maternal serum; MU: maternal urine; BM: breast milk; CS: cord serum; P: placenta; AF: amniotic fluid