Table 1.
The putative roles of different immune cells in protective immunity to B. pertussis.
| Cell Type | Infectiona | wP | aP | Species | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Th1 cell | +++ | ++ | +/– | Man | IFNγ production, macrophage activation, opsonizing Ab, prevents dissemination of Bp | (Ryan et al. 1997, 1998b; Ausiello et al. 1999; Mascart et al. 2003; Mascart et al. 2007; Schure et al. 2012) |
| +++ | + | + | Baboon | (Warfel and Merkel 2013) | ||
| +++ | ++ | +/– | Mouse | (Mills et al. 1993; Ross et al. 2013; Raeven et al. 2014; Brummelman et al. 2015) | ||
| Th2 cell | +/– | +/– | +++ | Man | No identified role in mice; unknown role in baboons and humans | (Ryan et al. 1997, 1998b; Ausiello et al. 1999; Mascart et al. 2003; Mascart et al. 2007; Schure et al. 2012), van Twillert unpublished |
| – | – | +++ | Baboon | (Warfel and Merkel 2013) | ||
| – | – | +++ | Mouse | (Mills et al. 1993; Ross et al. 2013; Raeven et al. 2014; Brummelman et al. 2015) | ||
| Th17 cell | +++ | ++ | +/– | Man | IL-17 production, neutrophil recruitment and activation | (Schure et al. 2012), van Twillert, unpublished |
| +++ | ++ | – | Baboon | (Warfel, Zimmerman and Merkel 2014) | ||
| +++ | ++ | +/– | Mouse | (Ross et al. 2013; Raeven et al. 2014; Brummelman et al. 2015) | ||
| TRM cell | +++ | ++ | – | Mouse | Sustains local cellular immunity in the respiratory tract? | Wilk and Mills, unpublished |
| TFH cell | +++ | ++ | + | Mouse | Activates Ab production and memory B cells? | Wilk, Allen and Mills, unpublished |
| TCM cell | ? | + | + | Man and Mouse | Maintains long-term immunity | (Brummelman et al. 2015; de Rond et al. 2015). |
| TEM cell | ? | + | ++ | Man and Mouse | Immediate effector function | (Brummelman et al. 2015, de Rond et al. 2015). |
| TTD cell | ? | + | ++ | Man | Waning immunity? | (de Rond et al. 2015). |
| γδ T cell | ++ | ? | ? | Mouse | Immune regulation early in infection | (Zachariadis et al. 2006) |
| B cell | + | ++ | +++ | Mouse | Ab production | (Mahon et al. 1997; Leef et al. 2000; Stenger et al. 2010) |
| Alveolar Mac | +++ | + | – | Mouse | Early response to infection, phagocytosis and killing of Bp | (Bernard et al. 2015) |
| DC | +++ | ? | ? | Mouse | Activation of naive T cells in lymph nodes | (Dunne et al. 2009) |
| NK cell | +++ | ? | ? | Mouse | Early IFNγ, prevents dissemination of Bp | (Byrne et al. 2004) |
| Neutrophil | +++ | ++ | – | Mouse | Ab-dependent phagocytosis and killing of opsonized Bp | (Andreasen and Carbonetti 2009; Ross et al. 2013; Eby, Gray and Hewlett 2014). |
aResponses denoted as +++, ++, +, +/–, – and ? equate to strong, medium, weak, weak/ inconsistent, undetectable responses or not tested respectively; Bp, B. pertussis, Ab, antibody.