Table II.

Ovulation inhibition with cyclooxygenase inhibitors: studies in women.

COX inhibitor	Target enzyme	Major outcome measure (s) (success rate)	Additional outcome measures	Contraceptive model (monthly, emergency)	Lead author and year of publication
Indomethacin	PTGS1 and PTGS2	Formation of LUF with indomethacin (88%) and placebo (11%)	Serum progesterone	N/A	Killick, 1987
Azapropazone	PTGS1 and PTGS2	Formation of LUF with azapropazone (50%) and placebo (11%)	Serum progesterone	N/A	Killick, 1987
Indomethacin	PTGS1 and PTGS2	Delay of follicle collapse (83%)	Serum FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone	N/A	Athanasiou, 1996
Rofecoxib	PTGS2	Delay of follicle collapse at least 48 h (67%)	Serum FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone	N/A	Pall, 2001
Ibuprofen	PTGS1 and PTGS2	Interval between LH surge and follicle collapse was longer with ibuprofen (27%) compared with placebo	Serum LH, progesterone	N/A	Uhler, 2001
Meloxicam	PTGS2	Follicle collapse was delayed an average of 5 days	Serum progesterone	N/A	Bata, 2006
Meloxicam	PTGS2	Dysfunctional ovulation at low (50%) and high (91%) doses of meloxicam	N/A	Emergency contraception	Jesam, 2010
Celecoxib	PTGS2	Dysfunction ovulation when celecoxib administration began before (25%) and after (20%) LH surge	Serum LH, estrogen, progesterone	Emergency contraception	Edelman, 2013
Meloxicam	PTGS2	Dysfunctional ovulation with meloxicam+levonorgesterol (88%) and levonorgesterol only (66%)	Serum progesterone	Emergency contraception	Massai, 2007
Meloxicam	PTGS2	Dysfunctional ovulation at low (55%) and high (78%) doses of meloxicam when administered on cycle days 5–22	Serum LH, estrogen, progesterone	Monthly contraception	Jesam, 2014

LUF, luteinized unruptured follicle; N/A, not applicable.