Table 3.
Summary of metabolomic profiles of various mycobacteria using analytical tools
| Analytical Tool | Main Study | Biofluids | Microorganism | Key Metabolites | Ref. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FT-ICR-MS | Lipidomics (Mycobacterium virulence) | Bacterial culture | M. tuberculosis | Phthiocerol dimycocerosate and sulfolipid-1 | 38 |
| 2D HSQC NMR | Lipidomics (lipid profiling and Mycobacterium virulence studies on various strains) | Bacterial culture | M. liflandii, M. tuberculosis, M. smegmatis | 11 metabolites including triacylglycerol, acylated trehaloses, mycocerosic acid* | 39 |
| MRM-based MS | Lipidomics (study on permeability barrier in resistant strain) | Mycobacterial cultures | M. tuberculosis | Mycolic acids | 40 |
| GC/GC-TOF-MS | Differentiating between TB-positive and TB-negative patients | Sputum | M. tuberculosis | 22 metabolites including d-gluconic acid lactone, glutaric acid, sebacic acid, ethane, butanal, γ-aminobutyric acid, 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, and normetanephrine* | 41 |
| GC-MS | Distinguishing patients with TB from non-TB individuals | Sputum | M. tuberculosis | Tuberculosis stearic acid | 42 |
| GCxGC-TOF-MS | Metabolic profiling differentiation of drug-resistant Mycobacterium strains vs. wild-type M. tuberculosis | Mycobacterial cultures | M. tuberculosis | 23 metabolites (alkanes, alcohols, and fatty acids) including decane, hexadecane, isotridecanol, and octadecanoic acid* | 45 |
| GC-EI/MS | Metabolic profile of M. tuberculosis and differentiation of positive sputum from negative sputum | Mycobacterial cultures and sputum | M. tuberculosis | Mycocerosic acid methyl esters | 43 |
| GC/GC-TOF-MS | Metabolomics profiling to distinguish patients with TB from control subjects | Sputum and mycobacterial cultures | M. tuberculosis | 20 metabolites including nonadecanoic acid, tuberculostearic acid, myo-inositol* | 44 |
| LC-MS | Role of rpoB mutation in rifampin-resistant and -susceptible M. tuberculosis strains in metabolomics profiling differentiation | Mycobacterial cultures | M. tuberculosis | 87 features including diacylglycerol phosphocholine, hexose-N-acetylhexosamine-fucose-N-acetylhexosamine* | 46 |
| LC-MS/MS | Distinction of patients with TB from sputum-negative household contacts | Plasma | M. tuberculosis | 61 metabolites including trehalose-6-mycolate, phosphatidylinositol, and the D-series resolvins* | 47 |
| UPLC-TOF-MS | Identification of patients with leprosy with various bacterial indices | Serum | M. leprae | 48 features* | 48 |
| UPLC-MS | Differentiation of patients with TB from healthy control subjects and non-TB patients | Serum | M. tuberculosis | 12 metabolites including 3D,7D,11D-phytanic acid, behenic acid, and threoninyl-γ-glutamate* | 49 |
| GC-MS | Metabolomics profiling of M. tuberculosis | Culture, serum, urine, and EBC | M. tuberculosis | Volatile organic compounds | 50 |
| 1H-NMR | Differentiation of ruminants infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from noninfected animals | Serum | M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis | 16 metabolites including acetone, asparagine, aspartate, betaine, glycerol, isobutyrate, isoleucine, leucine, mannose, threonine, tyrosine* | 53 |
| LC-MS | Metabolic profiling of patients with TB before and after treatment | Urine | M. tuberculosis | 45 metabolites* | 59 |
| 1H-13C-NMR | Metabolic profiling for pathway analysis in multi- and extensively drug-resistant strains | Mycobacterial cultures | M. tuberculosis | d-Alanine–d-alanine ligase | 63 |
| NMR and GC-MS | Pathway analysis in nitrogen stress | Mycobacterial cultures | M. smegmatis | Glucosylglycerate | 64 |
Definition of abbreviations: 2D HSQC = two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence; EBC = exhaled breath condensate; FT-ICR-MS = Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry; GC-EI/MS = gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry; GC/GC-TOF-MS = two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry; LC-MS = liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy; M. = Mycobacterium; MRM-based MS = multiple reaction monitoring–based mass spectrometry; NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance; TB = tuberculosis; UPLC-TOF-MS = ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry.
*
For full list refer to the accompanying reference.