Table 1. Study outcomes by measurement point (all available cases).
| Manual-based multimodal treatment | Treatment as usual | Result of proportional odds and mixed linear models | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | T1 | T2 | T3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | Group: manual-based vs treatment as usual | Time point | Interaction: time × group | |
| T2 vs T1 | T3 vs T2 | |||||||||
| School visit during preceding week*1 | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | Odds ratio (95% CI) p value of χ 2 test | Odds ratio (95% CI) p value of χ 2 test | Odds ratio (95% CI) p value of χ 2 test | p value of χ 2 test |
| None | 60.7 (34) | 18.2 (6) | 13.8 (4) | 57.1 (32) | 19.4 (7) | 19.4 (6) | 1.05 (0.58 to 1.90)p=0.875 | 6.94(3.98 to 12.12) p < 0.001 | 1.15 (0.59 to 2.24)p = 0.623 | p = 0.760 |
| Partial | 26.8 (15) | 21.2 (7) | 20.7 (6) | 23.2 (13) | 22.2 (8) | 19.4 (6) | ||||
| Regular | 12.5 (7) | 60.6 (20) | 65.5 (19) | 19.6 (11) | 58.3 (21) | 61.3 (19) | ||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | MD (95% CI)p of t test | MD (95% CI)p of t test | MD (95% CI)p of t test | p of t test | |
| SCL-90-R depression* 2 | 52.7 (10.2)n = 44 | 49.8 (9.6)n = 30 | 48.4 (9.1)n = 27 | 49.8 (9.9)n = 40 | 43.2 (9.0)n = 28 | 47.3 (12.9)n = 25 | 1.26(–2.71 to 5.23) p = 0.531 | –5.27(–7.28 to [–3.26]) p < 0.001 | 1.85(–0.24 to 3.94) p = 0.083 | p = 0.018 |
| SCL-90-R anxiety *2 | 47.9 (10.7)n = 44 | 48.0 (11.4)n = 30 | 46.6 (10.2)n = 27 | 49.0 (10.7)n = 40 | 43.8 (9.7)n = 28 | 47.0 (12.8)n = 25 | –0.28 (–4.35 to 3.80) p = 0.893 | –3.37 (–5.77 to [–0.97]) p = 0.006 | 1.40 (–1.38 to 4.19) p = 0.320 | p = 0.434 |
| CBCL total score*3 | 64.5 (7.1)n = 51 | 56.6 (10.0)n = 38 | – | 65.3 (7.7)n = 50 | 56.6 (11.2)n = 38 | – | –0.10 (–3.11 to 2.92) p = 0.950 | –8.3 (–10.56 to 6.06) p < 0.001 | – | p = 0.923 |
| KINDL family climate*4 | 75.1 (18.1)n = 55 | 77.2 (24.2)n = 34 | 85.3 (14.2)n = 29 | 70.9 (22.3)n = 55 | 75.4 (22.1)n = 35 | 82.1 (20.5)n = 31 | 4.91 (–1.73 to 11.54) p = 0.145 | 3.82 (–1.28 to 8.92) p = 0.140 | 7.46 (1.94 to 12.99)p = 0.009 | p = 0.988 |
| GSE*4 | 15.1 (5.0)n = 47 | 18.0 (4.7)n = 31 | 20.5 (3.8)n = 27 | 15.6 (5.3)n = 44 | 18.9 (6.3)n = 29 | 20.2 (4.9)n = 27 | –0.34 (–2.15 to 1.47) p = 0.711 | 3.39 (2.20 to 4.59)p < 0.001 | 1.42 (0.21 to 2.63)p = 0.022 | p = 0.461 |
n, sample size; M, mean value; SD, standard deviation; MD, mean difference; 95% CI, confidence interval; p, p value (two-sided); SCL-90-R, symptom checklist-90-revised; CBCL, child behaviour checklist 4–18; KINDL-R, questionnaire to document children’s health-related quality of life; GSE, general self efficacy
*1Proportion of school avoiders who during the observation week were documented as having “no(ne)“ (<10%). “partial“ (≥ 10%, and < 90%) or “regular“ (≥ 90%) school visits. Students who regularly attended school at T 1 had regularly avoided lessons in the preceding 25 weeks.
*2Mean
*3Mean T score
*4Mean scale sum score