Dopamine receptor-mediated dystonic movements in DRD mice (n = 7–8/dose). (A) The D1DAR antagonist SCH 23390 dose-dependently increased dystonic movements [F(3,21) = 4.64, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, P < 0.05, Holm-Sidak post hoc analysis]. (B) The D2DAR antagonist raclopride dose-dependently increased dystonic movements [F(3,18) = 3.68, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, P < 0.05, Holm-Sidak post hoc analysis]. (C) The D1DAR agonist SKF 81297 reduced dystonic movements (Student’s paired t-test, P = 0.051). (D) The D2DAR agonist quinpirole reduced dystonic movements (Student’s paired t-test, P < 0.001). Values represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.