Table 1.
Demographic and Tobacco Use Characteristics and Bivariate/Multivariate Predictors of Adult Stable Smokers Who Used Electronic Cigarette (EC) in Past 30 Days
| All smokers (N = 2,376) | Non-EC users (N = 2,157) | EC usersc (N = 219) | Unadjusted | Adjustedd | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Mean (SD) or % (N) | Mean (SD) or % (N) | Mean (SD) or % (N) | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value |
| Age | 42.97 (12.44) | 43.12 (12.49) | 41.47 (11.92) | 0.99 (.98–1.0) | .06 | – | – |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | 58.2 (1,382) | 58.4 (1,259) | 56.2 (123) | Ref | |||
| Male | 41.8 (994) | 41.6 (898) | 43.8 (96) | 1.09 (.83–1.45) | .53 | – | – |
| Education | |||||||
| Not a high school graduate | 3.4 (81) | 3.6 (77) | 1.8 (4) | Ref | – | ||
| High school or General Education Diploma | 23.1 (550) | 23.6 (510) | 18.3 (40) | 1.51 (.53–4.34) | .44 | – | – |
| Some college or tech school | 38.2 (907) | 38.4 (829) | 35.6 (78) | 1.81 (.65–5.08) | .26 | – | – |
| College graduate | 27.2 (646) | 26.8 (578) | 31.1 (68) | 2.27 (.80–6.38) | .12 | – | – |
| Graduate degree | 8.1 (192) | 7.6 (163) | 13.2 (29) | 3.43 (1.16–10.09) | .03 | – | – |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 33.5 (796) | 33.6 (724) | 32.9 (72) | Ref | – | ||
| Latino | 33.1 (786) | 32.2 (695) | 41.6 (91) | 1.32 (.95–1.82) | .10 | – | – |
| Black | 33.4 (794) | 34.2 (738) | 25.6 (56) | 0.76 (.53–1.10) | .15 | – | – |
| Income | |||||||
| <$1,800 per month | 37.0 (841) | 37.3 (771) | 33.5 (70) | Ref | – | ||
| ≥$1,800 per month | 63.0 (1,433) | 62.7 (1,294) | 66.5 (139) | 1.18 (.88–1.60) | .27 | – | – |
| All smokers (N = 2,376) | Non-EC users (N = 2,157) | EC usersc (N = 219) | Unadjusted | Adjustedd | |||
| Tobacco use characteristics | Mean (SD) or % (N) | Mean (SD) or % (N) | Mean (SD) or % (N) | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value |
| Smoker type | |||||||
| Nondaily | 50.5 (1,201) | 50.3 (1,085) | 53.0 (116) | Ref | – | ||
| Daily light | 24.3 (578) | 24.6 (530) | 21.9 (48) | 0.85 (.60–1.21) | .36 | – | – |
| Daily moderate/heavy | 25.1 (597) | 25.1 (542) | 25.1 (55) | 0.95 (.68–1.33) | .76 | – | – |
| Cigarettes per day | 9.71 (8.62) | 9.60 (8.52) | 10.79 (9.52) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | .05 | – | – |
| Menthol smoker (Ref = No) | 57.2 (1,360) | 57.0 (1,229) | 59.8 (131) | 1.12 (.85–1.49) | .42 | – | – |
| Time to first cigarette (TTFC)a (Ref ≥ 30min) | |||||||
| Within 30 min | 56.8 (1,349) | 56.0 (1,207) | 64.8 (142) | 1.45(1.09–1.94) | .01 | – | – |
| Perceived addiction | 57.43 (32.96) | 56.9 (33.1) | 62.88 (31.15) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | .01 | – | – |
| WISDMb | 3.93 (1.53) | 3.88 (1.52) | 4.41 (1.51) | 1.26 (1.15–1.38) | <.001 | 1.13 (1.03–1.25) | .012 |
| Years smoked | 19.47 (13.70) | 19.67 (13.70) | 18.48 (13.69) | 0.99 (.98–1.00) | .26 | – | – |
| Current use of any other tobacco (Ref = No) | 51.3 (1,220) | 49.7 (1,073) | 67.1 (147) | 1.49 (1.38–1.62) | <.001 | .826 (.526–1.30) | .406 |
| Number of other tobacco products used | 1.0 (1.30) | 0.91 (1.18) | 1.85 (1.97) | 2.06 (1.54–2.77) | <.001 | – | – |
| 0 | 48.7 (1,156) | 50.3 (1,084) | 32.9 (72) | – | – | – | – |
| 1 | 21.3 (507) | 21.3 (459) | 21.9 (48) | – | – | – | – |
| 2 | 14.7 (350) | 15.1 (326) | 11.0 (24) | – | – | – | – |
| 3 | 8.9 (212) | 8.5 (184) | 12.8 (28) | – | – | – | – |
| 4 | 3.5 (84) | 3.3 (71) | 5.9 (13) | – | – | – | – |
| 5 | 1.3 (31) | 1.1 (23) | 3.7 (8) | – | – | – | – |
| 6 | 0.6 (14) | 0.3 (7) | 3.2 (7) | – | – | – | – |
| 7 | 0.9 (22) | 0.1 (3) | 8.7 (19) | – | – | – | – |
| Current use of other tobacco (Ref = No) | |||||||
| Cigars | 30.0 (712) | 28.8 (621) | 41.6 (91) | 1.76 (1.32–2.34) | <.001 | .805 (.530–1.22) | .308 |
| Cigarillos | 21.7 (515) | 20.2 (436) | 36.1 (79) | 2.23 (1.66–2.99) | <.001 | 1.40 (.942–2.09) | .096 |
| Little cigars | 14.4 (341) | 12.9 (279) | 28.3 (62) | 2.66 (1.93–3.66) | <.001 | 1.54 (1.03–2.30) | .036 |
| Pipes | 6.4 (153) | 5.1 (109) | 20.1 (44) | 4.72 (3.22–6.93) | <.001 | 2.31 (1.41–3.79) | ≤.001 |
| Snuff or smokeless tobacco | 7.6 (180) | 5.9 (128) | 23.7 (52) | 4.94 (3.45–7.07) | <.001 | 3.04 (1.99–4.65) | <.001 |
| Hand rolled cigarettes | 19.7 (469) | 18.1 (391) | 35.6 (78) | 2.50 (1.86–3.36) | <.001 | 1.70 (1.16–2.48) | .006 |
| Hookah or waterpipe | 8.5 (202) | 7.5 (161) | 18.7 (41) | 2.86 (1.96–4.16) | <.001 | 1.35 (.842–2.17) | .212 |
Note. aTime to first cigarette.
bWisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives, brief form.
cAny past 30 day use.
dAdjusted model includes significant bivariate associations adjusted for multiple comparisons (p ≤ .001). Number of concurrent tobacco products used was excluded due to multicollinearity.